Table 1.

The cancer immunomodulatory effects of various MSCs.

Cells	Immune state	Molecular mechanism	Results	Ref
PC-MSCs	immunosuppression	IFN-γ/TNF-α-PD-L1/PDL2	promotion	(19)
	immunosuppression	IL-8/PD-L1	promotion	(20)
GC-MSCs	immunosuppression	CD4+ -T-PD-L1	promotion	(21)
MSCs	immunoactivation	Macrophages are re-coded as regulatory cells involved in phagocytosis, thus inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.	inhibition	(22)
CMSCs	immunosuppression	Ly6G+-MDSCs inhibits the proliferation of T cells.	promotion	(23)
	immunosuppression	PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.	promotion	(24)
BMSCs	immunoactivation	myeloid-derived suppressor cells.	inhibition	(25, 26)
	immunoactivation	Hsa-miR-23b-3p maintains the balance of Th17/Treg.	inhibition	(27)

PC-MSCs, prostate cancer-infiltrating MSCs; GC-MSCs, gastric cancer mesenchymal stem cells; MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; CMSCs, cancer-educated mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells.