TABLE 2.

Association between regular use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of chronic kidney disease.

	Cases/person-years	Incidence rate/	Hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]
		1,000 person-years	Crude model	Propensity score-weighted model a
Non-regular PPI user	5,449/3350774	1.63	1.00 (references)	1.00 (references)
Regular PPI user	1,582/355293	4.45	2.05 (1.94, 2.17)	1.37 (1.28, 1.47)

^a Overlap weighted Cox model. The propensity score was derived using multivariate logistic regression conditional on age, sex (male, female), ethnicity (white people or others), socioeconomic status (the index of multiple deprivation, fifth), smoking status (never smoker, previous smoker, or current smoker), alcohol consumption (daily or almost daily, one to four times a week, one to three times a month, and special occasions only or never), physical activity (low, moderate, or high), fruit and vegetable intake (≥5 portions or <5 portions), body mass index, systolic blood pressure, concomitant comorbidities (hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and peptic ulcer, yes or no), and medication use (including aspirin, non-aspirin NSAIDs, acetaminophen, antihypertensive drugs, statin, metformin, and H2RAs). PPI, proton pump inhibitor; H2RAs, histamine-2 receptor antagonists; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.