Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants
| Characteristic | Pre–SARS-CoV-2 Assessment (n = 111) | Pre–SARS-CoV-2 Assessment in Participants With Paired CT Scans (n = 67) |
|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean (SD) | 56.9 (8.7) | 59.3 (8.7) |
| Sex, female | 56 (53.8) | 34 (50.1) |
| Ethnicity, White | 104 (100.0) | 67 (100.0) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 26.5 (3.8) | 26.9 (4.3) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never-smoker | 44 (42.3) | 23 (37.3) |
| Former smoker | 52 (50.0) | 29 (43.3) |
| Current smoker | 8 (7.7) | 5 (7.5) |
| Cumulative smoking, pack-yearsa, median (IQR) | 17.1 (8.7–27.6) | 18.0 (9.9–26.0) |
| Date of pre–SARS-CoV-2 assessment, median | 7 Jul 2015 | 24 Aug 2016 |
| Dynamic lung volumes | ||
| FEV1, L, mean (SD) | 3.1 (0.8) | 2.96 (0.7) |
| FEV1% predicted, mean (SD) | 95.4 (14.9) | 94.5 (14.1) |
| FVC, L, mean (SD) | 4.1 (0.9) | 4.02 (0.8) |
| FVC % predicted, mean (SD) | 100.6 (13.3) | 100.5 (12.8) |
| FEV1/FVC, mean (SD) | 0.7 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.1) |
| FEV1/FVC <LLN | 11 (10.6) | 9 (13.4) |
| COVID-19 characteristics | ||
| Any SARS-CoV-2–related symptoms | 90 (86.5) | 55 (82.1) |
| Duration of symptoms, d (SD) | 13.8 (8.3) | 12.7 (10.1) |
| Fever | 74 (66.7) | 43 (64.1) |
| Dyspneab | 43 (38.7) | 22 (32.8) |
| Fatigue | 92 (82.8) | 50 (74.6) |
| Muscle or body aches | 63 (56.7) | 35 (52.2) |
| Sore throat | 28 (25.2) | 15 (22.3) |
| Loss of smell or taste | 53 (47.7) | 31 (46.2) |
| Hospital admission | 12 (11.2) | 8 (11.9) |
| Days, median (IQR) | 7 (3.7–9.3) | 7 (4.5–9.3) |
| Oxygen therapy | 2 (1.9) | 1 (1.5) |
| CPAP | 3 (2.8) | 3 (4.5) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Outcome assessments | ||
| Pre–SARS-CoV-2 chest CT available | 67 (60.3) | … |
| Time between LFT and chest CT scan, d, median (IQR) | 103 (78.4–127.6) | … |
| Time between positive SARS-CoV-2 rt-PCR and post–SARS-CoV-2 examinations, d, median (IQR) | 154.0 (122.8–235.0) | … |
| Time between pre–SARS-CoV-2 and post–SARS-CoV-2 chest CT scan, y, median (IQR) | NA | 3.48 (2.59–4.63) |
Data are presented as No. (%) unless otherwise indicated.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; CT, computed tomography; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in first second; FVC, forced vital capacity; IQR, interquartile range; LFT, lung function test; LLN, lower limit of normal; NA, not available; rt-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SD, standard deviation.
a
Only for current or former smokers.
b
Individuals were asked: “Did you experience difficulties in breathing in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection”?