Table 4.
Summary of studies that determine the capacity of different mycotoxin binders to adsorb nutrients
| Binders1 | Nutrient interaction effects | Observation | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bentonite | High adsorption of vitamins E, B1, B2, and B6 and amino acids: lysine, methionine and threonine | In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal tract | Kihal et al. (2020, 2021) |
| Low adsorption of vitamins A, D, and B3 | |||
| High adsorption of vitamin B1 and pepsin No adsorption of vitamins D, and E |
In vitro gastric fluid simulation | Barrientos-Velázquez et al. (2016) | |
| High adsorption of vitamin B12 and B8 No adsorption of vitamin B5 |
In vitro gastric fluid simulation and real gastric fluid | Vekiru et al. (2007) | |
| High adsorption of vitamin B6 Adsorption of Zn and Co No adsorption of Cu and Mn |
In vitro in aqueous solution | Tomasevic-Canovic et al. (2000) | |
| Adsorption of vitamin B2 | In vitro in aqueous solution | Mortland and Lawless (1983) | |
| No adsorption of vitamin A | In vivo in chicks | Pimpukdee et al. (2004) | |
| No adsorption of vitamin A | In vivo in chicks | Afriyie-Gyawu (2004) | |
| MMT1 | High adsorption of vitamins E, B1, B2, and B6 and amino acids: lysine, methionine, and threonine | In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal tract | Kihal et al. (2020, 2021) |
| Low adsorption of vitamins A, D and B3 | |||
| Adsorption of vitamin B1 | In vitro gastric fluid simulation | Ghanshyam et al. (2009) | |
| Adsorption of protein, urea, and antibiotics | In vitro in agar culture | Pinck (1962) | |
| No adsorption of vitamins A, D, E, B1, and B6 | In vivo in dairy cows | Kihal et al. (2022) | |
| Ca MMT | No adsorption of vitamins A and B1 | In vivo in dairy cows | Maki et al. (2016) |
| AC2 | High adsorption of vitamins E, B1, B2 and B6 and amino acids: lysine, methionine and threonine | In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal tract | Kihal et al. (2020, 2021) |
| Low adsorption of vitamins A, D and B3 | |||
| Adsorption of vitamins B8 and B12 | In vitro simulation of gastric fluid and real gastric fluid | Vekiru et al. (2007) | |
| Clinoptilolite | High adsorption of vitamins E, B1, B2, and B6 and amino acids: lysine, methionine and threonine | In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal tract | Kihal et al. (2020, 2021) |
| No adsorption of vitamins A, D, and B3 | |||
| No adsorption of amino acids: tryptophan; Phenilanaline and vitamins: A, D, and E | In vitro in aqueous solution | Tomasevic-Canovic et al. (2000) | |
| HSCAS3 | No adsorption of vitamins A, B1, and minerals Zn, Mn | In vivo in chicks | Chung et al. (1990) |
| Sepiolite | High adsorption of vitamins E, B1, B2, and B6 and amino acids: lysine, methionine, and threonine | In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal tract | Kihal et al. (2020, 2021) |
| Low adsorption of vitamins A, D, and B3 | |||
| Zeolite | High adsorption of vitamins E, B1, B2, and B6 and amino acids: lysine, methionine, and threonine | In vitro simulation of gastrointestinal tract | Kihal et al. (2020, 2021) |
| Low adsorption of vitamins A, D, and B3 |
1MMT, montmorillonite.
2AC, activated carbon.
3HSCAS, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate.