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. 2022 Nov 10;9:1038114. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1038114

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Copyright © 2022 MacDonnell, Megna, Ruan, Zhu, Halasz, Jasewicz, Powers, E, del Pilar Molina-Portela, Jin, Zhang, Torello, Feric, Graziano, Shekhar, Dunn, Glass and Morton.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of Activin A on contractile function and arrhythmia in HECTs. (A) Effect of Activin A on cardiac rhythm in HECTs for spontaneous beat rate (beating in the absence of pacing) during the full treatment period and at 8 days post treatment. (B) Effect of Activin A, MSTN (GDF8), and GDF11 on cardiac rhythm in HECTs for spontaneous beat rate during treatment and at 8 days post treatment. (C,D) impact of Activin A and preventive Activin A inhibition on HECT contraction kinetics on day 20 and the reversal by applying anti–Activin A starting on day 20 to day 34. (E,F) Impact of Activin A, Activin A inhibition, MSTN (GDF8), and GDF11 on HECT contraction kinetics on day 20. Shading on D denotes the 95% confidence interval. One-way ANOVA was used to determine significance. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. ActA, Activin A; GDF, growth differentiation factor; HECT, human engineered cardiac tissue; MSTN, myostatin.