Table 1. Comparison of the Prepared Hybrid SnO₂@Cu₂O Nanostructured Electrode for Creatinine Detection with other Reported Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Biosensors^a.

s. no.	detection methods	electrode materials	LOD	sensitivity	real samples	LDR	references
1	SWV	CuNPs/PDA-rGO-NB/GCE	0.002 μM	1829 μA mM–1	blood serum	0.01–100 μM	(27)
2	DPV	CDs/WO3@GO-modified GCE		1532 μA mM–1 cm–2	blood serum	0.2 nM to 0.112 μM	(29)
3	DPV	TMSPMA-GO-co-HEMA/MMA/GCE	16.79 μM		blood serum	44–265 μM	(52)
4	CV	PAA gel-Cu(II)/Cu2O NPs/SPCE	6.5 μM	1496 μA mM–1 cm–2		200 μM to 100 mM	(13)
5	CV	edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrode	270 μM		urine	0–6 and 7.5–11.5 mM	(53)
6	amperometry	Pt/PPy-PVS	0.1 μM			5–100 μM	(54)
7	amperometry	CuO/IL/ERGO/SPCE	0.22 μM		blood serum	0.01–2.0 mM	(55)
8	amperometry	MWCNT/PANI/Pt	0.1 μM	40 μA mM–1 cm–2	blood serum	10–750 μM	(1)
9	CV	ATONPs/Nafion/GCE		276 μA mM–1 cm–2	blood serum	0.1 nM to 1.0 mM	(56)
10	amperometry	Cu/Pt electrode	55.5 μM	3700 μA mM–1	urine	0–12.3 mM	(15)
11	CV	Fe3O4-NPs/CHIT-g-PANI	1 μM	3900 μA mM–1 cm–2	blood serum	1–800 μM	(11)
12	amperometry	conducting polymer-based screen-printed electrode	40.6 μM		blood serum	0–100 μM	(57)
13	CV	Fe–Cu–rGO@Ag electrode	0.01 μM	1100 μA mM–1 cm–2	blood serum	0.01–1000 μM	(6)
14	MPA-FIA	CuO@MIP and PtNPsrGO@MIP/CPE	0.077 μM		blood serum	0.5–150 μM	(51)
15	CV	glassy carbon macrodisc	35 μM	6.09 μA mM–1		0–10 mM	(58)
16	amperometry	SnO2@Cu2O hybrid nanostructure	0.0023 μM or 2.3 nM	24343 μA mM–1 cm–2 and 5085 μA mM–1 cm–2	bloodserum	2.5–45 μM and50 μM to 16 mM	present work

^aSWE = square wave voltammetry, DPV = differential pulse voltammetry, CV = cyclic voltammetry, MPA-FIA = multiple pulse amperometric detection in flow injection analysis.