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. 2022 Nov 10;14:1019296. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1019296

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Copyright © 2022 McNicholas, François, Liu, Doecke, Hecker, Faunt, Maddison, Johns, Pukala, Rush and Leifert.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Levels of total protein and five biomarkers in the SANDs cohort showing reduced abundance of CST-C, IL-1RN, and SFN in MCI and AD and increased abundance of total protein, MMP-9 and HP in MCI and AD. Scatter dot plots show the mean, standard deviation and all points for each biomarker adjusted for total protein with AD in orange (n = 16), MCI in blue (n = 15) and CN in black (n = 29) for (A) CST-C (B) IL-1RN (C) SFN (D) MMP-9 (E) Hp (F) Total protein. *Unadjusted p-values shown from log transformed data for cohorts CN vs. AD with *P < 0.05 and ^**P < 0.01. AD, Alzheimer’s disease; CN, Cognitively Normal; CST-C, Cystatin-C; Hp, Haptoglobin; IL-1RN, Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein; Matrix metalloproteinase 9, MMP-9; MCI, Mild cognitive impairment; SFN, Stratifin.