Table 2.
The mechanisms of glial cells in the regulation of neuroplasticity by acupuncture in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
| Study | Model/Objects | Intervention | Acupoints | Comparison | Acupuncture parameters | Effect measurements | Biochemical measurements |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al. (2012) | MCAO rats | EA | GV20, GB7 | Non-EA | 3 Hz, 5 min, 2/7/14 days | Garcia scale scores↑ | BDNF↑ |
| Cheng et al. (2014) | MCAO rats | EA | GV20, GV14 | Non-EA | 5 Hz, 2.7–3.0 mA, 25 min, 6 days from 24 h after reperfusion | Cerebral infarct area↓; neurological deficit scores↓ | Penumbra area: GFAP+ cells↓, S100B+ cells↓, NF-κB (p50)+ cells↓, TNF-α+ cells↓, iNOS+ cells↓, nuclear NF-κB (p50)↓, GFAP/S100B immunoreactivity↓, S100B/nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity↓, TUNEL+ cells↓, cytosolic GFAP↓, p-p38 MAPK↓, cytosolic TRADD↓, FADD↓, cleaved caspase-8↓, cleaved caspase-3↓ |
| Zhao et al. (2013) | MCAO rats | EA | BL23, BL17, GV20 | Non-EA | 1/7 days | - | Hippocampus: BDNF mRNA↑ |
| Yi et al. (2006) | MCAO rats | EA1: 2 weeks after ischemia, EA2: 5 weeks after ischemia | GV14, GV20 | Non-EA | 5-10 Hz, 30 min, 2/5 weeks from MCAO immediately | - | Synaptic numerical density (EA2)↑, synaptic surface density↑, PSD(EA2)↑, synaptic cleft width↑, P38(EA2)↑, NGF↑, BDNF↑ |
| Tao et al. (2016) | MCAO rats | EA | LI11, ST36 | Non-EA | 1/20 Hz, 30 min, 3 days from 24 h after MCAO | Neurological deficit scores↓; cerebral infarct volumes↓; average speed of catwalk↑; mean duration on the rotarod↓ | Peri-infarct cortex and ST: GFAP+ /Vimentin+ cells↑, GFAP+ /Nestin+ cells↑, GFAP+ /BrdU+ cells↑, Cyclin D1↑, CDK4↑, p-Rb↑, BDNF↑ |
| Huang et al. (2017) | MCAO rats | EA | GV20, GV24 | Non-EA | 2/20 Hz, 0.2 mA, 30 min, 7 days from the 12 h after MCAO | Neurological deficit scores↓; mNSS↓; escape latency↓; swimming speed↓; target crossing↑; cerebral infarct volumes↓ | Peri-infarct hippocampal CA1 and sensorimotor cortex: ED1+ cells↓, GFAP+ cells↓, IL-1β↓, IL-10↑, P2X7R+ /ED1+ cells↓, P2X7+ /GFAP+ cells↓, P2Y1R+ /ED1+ cells↓, P2Y1R+ /GFAP+ cells↓ |
Notes: ↑, upregulated by acupuncture; ↓, downregulated by acupuncture. Abbreviation: GB20, Fengchi; GB39, Xuanzhong; LI11, Quchi; LI4, Hegu; ST36, Zusanli; SP6, Sanyinjiao; GV20, Baihui; FMA, Fugl-Meyer Assessment; GV24, Shenting; MICD, middle cerebral artery occlusion induced cognitive deficit; MWM test, Morris water maze test; GB33, Xiyangguan; ReHo, regional homogeneity; BA, Brodmann Area; NDS, nervous functional deficiency scale; MBI, modified Barthel index; MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; CPu, Caudate putamen; MCTX, motor cortex; SCTX, somatosensory cortex; FC, functional connectivity; LPs, superior parietal lobule; SMA, Supplementary Motor Area; TE5, Waiguan; GB7, Qubin; M1, Primary motor area; PMC, premotor cortex; RSC, retrosplenial cortex; GMV, Grey Matter Volume; ISSA, International Standard Scalp Acupuncture; PG, parahippocampal gyrus.