Table 4.

SEM Model 1 estimation results

Variable	Coefficient	Standard error	Z-score	p-value	95% Confidence interval
Literacy rate	1 (constrained)
Primary school education attainment	1.03	0.08	13.86	< 0.001	0.89	1.18
Secondary school education attainment	0.62	0.063	9.95	< 0.001	0.50	0.75
Tertiary education attainment	0.51	0.05	9.52	< 0.001	0.41	0.62
Waged and salaried workers	1.22	0.08	16.17	< 0.001	1.07	1.37
Female employers	0.02	0.003	4.01	< 0.001	0.008	0.02
Women in leadership roles	0.15	0.05	3.12	0.002	0.05	0.24
Women in parliament	0.07	0.04	1.95	0.052	−0.0005	0.15
Mean maternal mortality ratio	163.06	16.62	9.81	< 0.001	130.48	195.64
cov (mmr, gender_equality)	− 4375.437	629.3697	−6.95	< 0.001	−5608.979	−3141.895