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. 2022 Nov 24;22:309. doi: 10.1186/s12906-022-03770-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — The anti-proliferative capability of the different treatment modalities against SCC4. A A contrast phase inverted microscope photomicrograph shows the scratch wound healing assay of SCC4 after 24 and 48 h treatment, taking 0 h as base time. At both intervals, nanocurcumin inhibits cell migration and further increases the scratch line patency as efficiently as DOX. Meanwhile, the insoluble crystals (blue arrows) hinder the anti-migratory effect of curcumin in its bulk form. The plot chart in (B) reveals the percentage of cell migration inhibition in treated groups compared with the proliferative behavior of the untreated cells. The data are the mean ± SD of three independent experiments. Asterisk denotes statistical significance, where ** (p < 0.01) and *** (p < 0.001). While ns implies not significant with p > 0.05