. 2022 Nov 23;22:1398. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08819-0

Table 9.

Association of diabetes costs with patients’ characteristics

Characteristics	Direct Cost		Indirect Cost		Total cost
Characteristics	Mean Rank (US$)	P-Value	Mean Rank (US$)	P-Value	Mean Rank (US$)	P-Value
Sex^a
Male	200.39	0.86	122.07	0.001*	207.45	0.12
Female	198.34	0.86	94.40	0.001*	189.16	0.12
Residence^a
Urban	205.96	0.19	113.81	0.34	206.02	0.18
Rural	190.47	0.19	105.34	0.34	190.38	0.18
Presence of co-morbidity^a
Yes	210.11	0.002*	109.60	0.65	212.95	P<0.0001*
No	170.64	0.002*	114.69	0.65	162.91	P<0.0001*
Family size^b
1-3	166.14	0.01*	92.50	0.19	150.23	0.005*
4-6	192.17		116.62		198.36
Greater than 6	219.81		105.10		215.64
Age category^b
18-24	149.88	0.01*	65.83	0.08	144.94	0.15
25-34	171.26		134.26		184.14
35-44	185.70		98.97		185.68
45-54	217.09		104.41		210.55
55-64	223.49		104.28		215.45
≥65	183.02		128.03		195.84
Level of education^b
No formal education	211.25	0.18	103.85	0.44	207.74	0.38
Primary	200.85		112.28		205.24
Secondary	176.32		124.26		180.88
Higher	195.92		112.69		195.30
Duration of illness^b
1-5	196.05	0.62	109.56	0.75	195.75	0.59
6-10	203.07		111.67		200.89
11-15	193.18		132.63		209.76
>15	229.33		103.07		230.21

* Significant level at p<0.05

^aWilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to determine the significant difference in costs distribution

^bKruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the statistically significant differences in costs distribution