Table 2.
Incidence and incidence rate ratio of maternal sepsis by background characteristics of study participants, Ghana, 2022
| Total person, time in weeks | Number of incidences | Incidence rate per week per 1000 women | Unadjusted Poisson regression model | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR [95% CI] | P-value | ||||
| Overall | 40,832.4 | 62 | 1.52 [1.20–1.96] | ||
| Age at booking (years) | 0.234 | ||||
| < 20 | 2042.4 | 3 | 1.47 [0.47–6.92] | 1.00 | |
| 20—35 | 33,000.3 | 55 | 1.67 [1.29–2.18] | 1.13 [0.35–3.63] | |
| > 35 | 5789.7 | 4 | 0.69 [0.26–2.45] | 0.47 [0.11–2.10] | |
| Marital status | 0.350 | ||||
| Not married | 7844.0 | 9 | 1.15 [0.61–2.41] | 1.00 | |
| Married | 32,988.4 | 53 | 1.61 [1.24–2.12] | 1.40 [0.69–2.84] | |
| Highest education | 0.862 | ||||
| None/Primary | 7650.4 | 13 | 1.70 [1.02–3.07] | 1.00 | |
| JHS | 12,351.4 | 16 | 1.30 [0.81–2.20] | 0.76 [0.37–1.58] | |
| SHS | 10,109.7 | 17 | 1.68 [1.07–2.80] | 0.99 [0.48–2.04] | |
| Tertiary | 10,720.9 | 16 | 1.49 [0.94–2.53] | 0.88 [0.42–1.83] | |
| Religion | < 0.001*** | ||||
| Christians | 32,371.0 | 35 | 1.08 [0.79–1.53] | 1.00 | |
| Islam/others | 8461.4 | 27 | 3.19 [2.25–4.69] | 2.95 [1.79–4.88] *** | |
| Main occupation | 0.439 | ||||
| Unemployed | 5483.0 | 11 | 2.01 [1.15–3.83] | 1.00 | |
| Formal sector | 6467.7 | 7 | 1.08 [0.53–2.57] | 0.54 [0.21–1.39] | |
| Informal sector | 28,881.7 | 44 | 1.52 [1.15–2.07] | 0.76 [0.39–1.47] | |
| BMI category | 0.133 | ||||
| < 18.5kgm2 | 1103.1 | 4 | 3.63 [1.46–11.81] | 1.00 | |
| 18.5 to 24.9kgm−2 | 14,814.7 | 24 | 1.62 [1.11–2.47] | 0.45 [0.16–1.29] | |
| 25.0 to 29.9kgm−2 | 14,247.6 | 24 | 1.68 [1.15–2.57] | 0.46 [0.16–1.34] | |
| > 29.9kgm−2 | 10,667.0 | 10 | 0.94 [0.52–1.88] | 0.26 [0.08–0.82] * | |
| Gravidity | 0.004** | ||||
| 1 pregnancy | 10,385.4 | 27 | 2.60 [1.83–3.84] | 1.00 | |
| 2–3 pregnancies | 18,704.0 | 25 | 1.34 [0.92–2.02] | 0.51 [0.30–0.89] * | |
| > 3 pregnancies | 11,719.1 | 10 | 0.85 [0.47–1.71] | 0.33 [0.16–0.68] ** | |
| Parity | 0.152 | ||||
| No child | 14,400.6 | 29 | 2.01 [1.43–2.94] | 1.00 | |
| 1–2 children | 19,549.0 | 23 | 1.18 [0.80–1.82] | 0.58 [0.34–1.01] | |
| > 2 children | 6882.9 | 10 | 1.45 [0.81–2.90] | 0.72 [0.35–1.48] | |
| Number of ANC visits | 0.354 | ||||
| < 4 visits | 10,370.7 | 12 | 1.16 [0.67–2.16] | 1.00 | |
| 4 to 7 visits | 25,799.0 | 40 | 1.55 [1.15–2.13] | 1.34 [0.70–2.55] | |
| 8 + visits | 4662.7 | 10 | 2.14 [1.19–4.26] | 1.85 [0.80–4.29] | |
| Type of health facility | 0.001** | ||||
| Regional hospital | 20,435.4 | 44 | 2.15 [1.63–2.91] | 1.00 | |
| District hospital | 20,397.0 | 18 | 0.88 [0.57–1.45] | 0.41 [0.24–0.71] ** | |
| Availability of specialist in facility | < 0.001*** | ||||
| Specialist available | 22,821.3 | 12 | 0.53 [0.31–0.99] | 1.00 | |
| No specialist available | 18,011.1 | 50 | 2.78 [2.14–3.67] | 5.28 [2.81–9.91] *** | |
| Region | < 0.001*** | ||||
| Bono | 12,840.7 | 6 | 0.47 [0.21–1.22] | 1.00 | |
| Greater Accra | 16,232.4 | 11 | 0.68 [0.38–1.31] | 1.45 [0.54–3.92] | |
| Upper West | 11,759.3 | 45 | 3.83 [2.92–5.12] | 8.19 [3.49–19.20] *** | |
| Mode of delivery | 0.669 | ||||
| SVD | 27,293.4 | 43 | 1.58 [1.18–2.14] | 1.00 | |
| CS | 12,884.4 | 18 | 1.40 [0.90–2.29] | 0.89 [0.51–1.54] | |
| Birth attendant | 0.794 | ||||
| Obstetrician/Physician | 12,208.7 | 18 | 1.47 [0.95–2.42] | 1.00 | |
| Midwife/Nurse | 27,903.1 | 43 | 1.54 [1.16–2.10] | 1.05 [0.60–1.81] | |
| Others (TBA/family member) | 337.7 | 1 | 2.96 [.-.] | 2.01 [0.27–15.04] | |