Table 4.
Multivariate regression models of risk factors associated with incidence of sepsis among pregnant women
| Cox-proportional hazard model | ||
|---|---|---|
| Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| variables & categories | aHR [95% CI] | aHR [95% CI] |
| Age at booking | 0.98 [0.92, 1.04] | 0.97 [0.91, 1.04] |
| Gravidity | ||
| 1 pregnancy | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2–3 pregnancies | 0.92 [0.48, 1.76] | 0.75 [0.22, 2.55] |
| > 3 pregnancies | 0.52 [0.21, 1.30] | 0.12 [0.02, 0.95] * |
| Parity | ||
| No child | 0.18 [0.02, 1.37] | |
| 1–2 children | 0.20 [0.03, 1.11] | |
| > 2 children | 1.00 | |
| Marital status | ||
| Not married | 1.00 | |
| Married | 0.79 [0.34, 1.86] | |
| Highest education | ||
| Primary | 1.00 | |
| JHS | 1.44 [0.54, 3.84] | |
| SHS | 1.05 [0.41, 2.70] | |
| Tertiary | 1.36 [0.53, 3.48] | |
| Religion | ||
| Christians | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Islam/others | 1.12 [0.58, 2.18] | 1.16 [0.56, 2.37] |
| BMI category | ||
| < 18.5kgm2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 18.5 to 24.9kgm2 | 0.91 [0.25, 3.35] | 0.87 [0.21, 3.57] |
| 25.0 to 29.9kgm2 | 1.90 [0.49, 7.44] | 2.42 [0.55, 10.54] |
| 30.0 to 34.9kgm2 | 1.27 [0.29, 5.56] | 1.18 [0.24, 5.75] |
| Main occupation | ||
| Unemployed | 1.00 | |
| Employed | 1.69 [0.70, 4.11] | |
| Number of ANC visits | ||
| < 4 visits | 1.00 | |
| 4 to 7 visits | 0.88 [0.42, 1.86] | |
| 8 + visits | 3.49 [1.28, 9.51] * | |
| Type of health facility | ||
| Regional hospital | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| District hospital | 0.47 [0.21, 1.02] | 0.43 [0.18, 1.01] |
| Availability of specialist in facility | ||
| Specialist available | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No specialist available | 8.37 [0.78, 89.91] | 7.57 [0.65, 87.62] |
| Region | ||
| Bono | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Greater Accra | 4.63 [0.55, 38.75] | 5.65 [0.65, 48.98] |
| Upper West | 2.64 [0.85, 8.25] | 3.20 [0.94, 10.86] |
| Mode of delivery | ||
| SVD | 1.00 | |
| CS | 0.84 [0.40, 1.77] | |
| Birth attendant | ||
| Obstetrician/Physician | 1.00 | |
| Midwife/Nurse | 1.14 [0.55, 2.36] | |
| Others (TBA/family member) | 6.35 [0.52, 78.18] | |
| Clinical diagnosis of infection | ||
| Mastitis | 1.14 [0.39, 3.29] | 1.48 [0.50, 4.38] |
| CS wound infection | 2.34 [0.71, 7.72] | 3.77 [0.92, 15.54] |
| Urinary tract infection | 4.19 [1.68, 10.47] ** | 4.38 [1.58, 12.18] ** |
| malaria | 1.54 [0.60, 3.93] | 1.38 [0.49, 3.88] |
| Other infection | 4.24 [1.13, 15.89] * | 10.55 [2.33, 47.81] ** |
| Symptoms 14 days prior to diagnosis | ||
| Abdominal pain excluding contractions | 2.58 [1.05, 6.33] * | 1.48 [0.49, 4.40] |
| Abnormal vagina discharge | 0.55 [0.24, 1.24] | 0.64 [0.26, 1.56] |
| Sore throat /cough | 0.52 [0.14, 1.97] | |
| Chest pain | 0.80 [0.30, 2.11] | 1.14 [0.35, 3.64] |
| Dysuria | 0.26 [0.09, 0.75] * | 0.22 [0.07, 0.71] * |
| Vomiting/ diarrhoea | 0.24 [0.08, 0.77] * | |
| Flu-like symptoms | 0.67 [0.20, 2.28] | |
| Number of different symptoms 14 days prior to study | ||
| None | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| One | 5.93 [2.59, 13.58] *** | 6.06 [2.42, 15.21] *** |
| Two or more | 8.54 [2.98, 24.42] *** | 17.00 [4.19, 69.00] *** |
NOTE:
Model 1: all variables significant from the unadjusted incidence rate ratios
Model 2: All independent variables in the study
CI Confidence interval, aRR Adjusted risk ratio, aHR Adjusted hazard ratio
P-value definition: p < 0.05*, p < 0.01**, P < 0.001***
Other infections refers to bacterial infections including syphilis, gastritis