Table 2.
Methodological characteristics of identified studies
| Authors (year of publication) | Use of Berg’s operational definition | Emotional distress measure | Measures for independent variables | Respondent (s) | Analyses | Statistical powera | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small | Medium | Large | ||||||
| Child-only sample (6–12 years old) | ||||||||
| Granell de Aldaz, et al. (1987) [47] | N | Parent report | - Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) |
Parents Teachers Children |
U | 0.06 | 0.52 | 0.95 |
| Adolescent-only sample (13–17 years old) | ||||||||
| Adams (1997) [50] | Y | Parent report |
- Parental Bonding Instrument -Family Environment Scale - Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) - State-Trait-Anxiety-Inventory (STAI) - School records |
Parents Adolescents |
U-M | 0.13 | 0.54 | 0.91 |
| Carless, et al. (2015) [16] | Y | Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS; Silverman & Albano, 1996) |
- Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) - STAI - Parenting Sense of Competence Scale, Efficacy subscale - CDI - Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) - Family Assessment Device (FAD-GF) |
Parents Adolescents |
U-M | 0.17 | 0.71 | 0.98 |
| Ficula, et al. (1983) [54] | N | Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC; Scherer & Nakamura, 1968) |
- Intellectual Achievement of Responsibility Inventory (IAR) - Child Assessment Schedule (CAS) - CBCL - School records for academic achievement |
Adolescents Schools |
U | 0.13 | 0.36 | 0.66 |
| Place, et al. (2002) [63] | Y | Parent report | - Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS) | Adolescents | U | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.75 |
| Child and adolescent samples (6–17 years old) or not specified | ||||||||
| Bahali, et al. (2011) [48] | N | Clinically-referred |
- Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) - BDI-II - STAI |
Parents | U | 0.09 | 0.58 | 0.95 |
| Cooper (1984) [72] | Y | Clinically-referred | - Self-Identity Index | Youth | U | 0.09 | 0.87 | 0.99 |
| Egger, et al. (2003) [4] | N | Parent report | - Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA) |
Youth Parents |
Ma | – | – | – |
| Foreman, et al. (1997) [73] | N | Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia—Lifetime version (K-SADS-L; Puig-Antich & Chambers, 1978) | - Experiments to detect semantic and emotional priming | Youth | U | 0.09 | 0.34 | 0.69 |
| Havik, et al. (2015) [5] | N | Parent report |
- Victimisation Scale (Norwegian Centre for Learning Environment and Behavioral Research in Education) - Social Isolation at School Scale - Perceptions of Teachers’ Classroom Management ((Norwegian Centre for Learning Environment and Behavioral Research in Education) - Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised (JEPQR-S) - Parental Interest in School Work Scale |
Youth | M | – | – | – |
| Honjo, et al. (2001) [49] | Y | Parent report | - CDI | Youth | U-M | 0.05 | 0.37 | 0.84 |
| Hughes, et al. (2010) [74] | Y | Clinically referred | - Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ-CA) | Youth | U | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.41 |
| Maric, et al. (2012) [17] | Y | Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule (ADIS; Silverman & Albano, 1996) |
- Children’s Automatic Thoughts Scale (CATS-N/P) - Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire—Revised (CNCEQ-R) - Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) |
Youth | M | – | – | – |
| Naylor, et al. (1994) [75] | N | Clinically referred |
- Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement, Standard Battery-Revised (WJTA-R) - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R) - Adolescent Language Screening Test (ALST) - Test of Language Competence (TLC) - Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised (CELF-R) |
Youth | U | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.61 |
| Tomoda, et al. (1997) [76] | N | Parent report | - Circadian Body Temperature | Youth | U | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.18 |