TABLE 1.
Demographic, anthropometric, cardiometabolic, and cognitive measures for normoglycemic and pre-diabetic individuals stratified by sex.
| Measures | Normoglycemia |
Pre-diabetes |
Statistical contrast |
|||
| Females | Males | Females | Males | Group | Group × Sex | |
| (n = 39) | (n = 34) | (n = 40) | (n = 31) | p/BF10 | p/BF10 | |
| Demographic | ||||||
| Age (years) | 66.9 ± 5.7 | 68.3 ± 4.9 | 66.9 ± 4.4 | 68.4 ± 4.0 | 0.99/0.18 | 0.97/0.24 |
| Education (years) | 10.1 ± 5.3 | 9.2 ± 5.2 | 10.2 ± 5.1 | 10.8 ± 4.6 | 0.38/0.25 | 0.37/0.33 |
| Anthropometric | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 3.5 | 26.1 ± 3.0 | 27.9 ± 3.2 | 28.8 ± 4.3 | 0.0004/3.7* | 0.42/0.30 |
| Waist (cm) | 86.2 ± 9.6 | 89.5 ± 8.6 | 92.5 ± 9.7 | 97.1 ± 10.9 | 0.0001/327* | 0.68/0.26 |
| Metabolic | ||||||
| Adiponectin (ng/ml) | 6.5 ± 2.7 | 7.7 ± 2.2 | 6.2 ± 1.7 | 7.6 ± 1.8 | 0.52/0.22 | 0.67/0.26 |
| Leptin (ng/ml) | 22.7 ± 14.4 | 13.2 ± 15.7 | 24.4 ± 16.4 | 10.6 ± 8.9 | 0.99/0.18 | 0.37/0.34 |
| A/L ratio (ng/ml) | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 0.44/0.24 | 0.08/0.88 |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.1 ± 0.7 | 0.79/0.18 | 0.70/0.26 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.97/0.18 | 0.76/0.26 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 0.0007/38.2* | 0.005/8.6* |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 6.1 ± 0.4 | 10–15 />500* | 0.83/0.25 |
| Insulin (pmol/l) | 6.6 ± 2.7 | 9.2 ± 7.6 | 11.4 ± 5.4 | 10.4 ± 4.3 | 0.0006/43.8* | 0.05/1.4 |
| HOMA | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 3.1 ± 1.5 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 10–7/>500* | 0.06/1.2 |
| MS status | 2.3 ± 0.6 | 2.49 ± 0.6 | 2.93 ± 0.8 | 2.77 ± 0.8 | 0.0001/192* | 0.13/0.58 |
| Cardiorespiratory | ||||||
| Heart rate (ppm) | 64.5 ± 9.3 | 64.1 ± 11.4 | 68.7 ± 10.4 | 66.4 ± 10.9 | 0.05/1.0 | 0.57/0.28 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.2 ± 21.3 | 130.3 ± 24.2 | 133.4 ± 19.3 | 139.3 ± 17.3 | 0.07/0.82 | 0.48/0.31 |
| CRF (ml/min/Kg) | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 9.5 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 1.8 | 9.8 ± 1.8 | 0.89/0.18 | 0.62/0.25 |
| Cognitive | ||||||
| Phonetic fluency | 13.6 ± 5.1 | 15.5 ± 4.7 | 15.3 ± 4.5 | 15.9 ± 5.0 | 0.18/0.41 | 0.39/0.33 |
| Semantic fluency | 20.1 ± 6.6 | 22.2 ± 5.2 | 23.3 ± 22.3 | 21.0 ± 6.1 | 0.57/0.21 | 0.31/0.37 |
| TMT-A (sec) | 45.8 ± 21.9 | 39.9 ± 14.2 | 41.3 ± 14.3 | 34.4 ± 10.9 | 0.08/0.72 | 0.85/0.22 |
| TMT-B (sec) | 122.2 ± 63.7 | 103.5 ± 48.1 | 132.0 ± 82.4 | 89.3 ± 41.1 | 0.99/0.18 | 0.25/0.43 |
| Tower of London (sec) | 379.8 ± 140.0 | 348.8 ± 136.5 | 409.6 ± 165.7 | 371.1 ± 134.4 | 0.26/0.32 | 0.88/0.26 |
| Spatial Span (WMS-III) | ||||||
| Forward | 7.1 ± 1.7 | 8.1 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 0.34/0.27 | 0.11/0.72 |
| Backward | 6.0 ± 2.1 | 6.4 ± 1.8 | 6.22 ± 1.7 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 0.59/0.20 | 0.92/0.25 |
| Total | 13.1 ± 3.1 | 14.6 ± 3.0 | 13.5 ± 2.9 | 13.9 ± 2.7 | 0.77/0.19 | 0.30/0.42 |
All variables are expressed as mean ± SD. A/L, adiponectin/leptin; SBP, systolic blood pressure. *Rejection of the null hypothesis. Main effect of group and sex interaction.