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Conserved molecules in associative learning, as identified in invertebrate models. An unconditioned stimulus, like electric shock, causes release of dopamine/serotonin. The presence of a conditioned stimulus causes postsynaptic calcium levels to rise through closing of K+ channels. High intracellular calcium results in increased release of neurotransmitter. Long-term behavioral changes can be effected through altered transcription via nuclear translocation of CREB.
