Table 1.
Global frequencies of macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis.
| Country | Region/City | Year | Resistant Isolates Identified (Frequency %) |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | New South Wales, Perth | 1971–2010 | 0/120 (0.0) | [24,25] |
| Cambodia | Whole country | 2017–2020 | 1/71 (1.4) | [19] |
| Canada | Ontario | 2011–2013 | 0/275 (0.0) | [26] |
| China | Xi’an | 2012–2020 | 274/299 (91.6) | [27,28,29,30,31] |
| Shandong | 2011 | 2/2 (100.0) | [21] | |
| Northern | 1970–2014 ** | 91/124 ** (91.9) | [22] | |
| Shanghai | 2016–2017 | 81/141 (57.5) | [32] | |
| Zhejiang | 2016–2020 | 271/381 (71.1) | [33,34,35] | |
| Beijing, Jinan, Nanjing, Shenzhen | 2014–2016 | 292/335 (87.2) | [36] | |
| Midwest | 2012–2015 | 163/167 (97.6) | [37] | |
| Whole country | 1950–2018 | 316/388 (81.4) | [23] | |
| Hunan | 2017–2018 | 27/55 (49.1) | [38] | |
| Shenzhen | 2015–2017 | 51/105 (48.6) | [39] | |
| Whole country | 2017–2019 | 265/311 (85.2) | [40] | |
| Czech republic | Whole country | 1967–2015 | 0/135 (0.0) | [41] |
| Finland | Whole country | 2006–2017 | 0/148 (0.0) | [42] |
| France | Bordeaux & Lyon | 2003 and 2012 | 1/41 (2.4) | [10,11] |
| Iran | Whole country | 2009–2010 | 2/11 (18.2) | [16,43] |
| Italy | Rome | 2012–2015 | 0/18 (0.0) | [44] |
| Japan | Whole country | 2017–2019 | 1/33 (3.0) | [17,19] |
| Taiwan | Whole country | 2003–2007 | 2/76 (2.6) | [19,23] |
| United Kingdom | Whole country | 2001–2009 | 0/582 (0.0) | [45] |
| United States | Colorado, Maryland, Oklahoma, Wisconsin | 1986 | 0/75 (0.0) | [46] |
| Arizona—Yuma County | 1994 | 1/1 (100.0) | [47] | |
| Utah | 1985–1997 | 1/47 (2.1) | [12] | |
| Northern California | 1998–1999 | 0/36 (0.0) | [48] | |
| Phoenix, Oakland *, San Diego | N/A *** | 1/48 (2.1) | [49] | |
| California, New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, Illinois, Arizona, Georgia | 1994–2000 | 5/1030 **** (0.5) | [13] | |
| Minnesota | 1997–1999 | 1/8 (12.5) | [50] | |
| Vietnam | Hanoi, Ha Nam, Thai Binh | 2016–2020 | 24/184 (13.0) | [18,19] |
* Hill et al. included a control B. pertussis strain, resistant to macrolides. This strain has been isolated in Oakland but not officially published elsewhere. ** Divided into three time periods: 1970s, 2000–2008 and 2013–2014. All isolates (N = 25) collected in 1970–2008 were macrolide sensitive. *** N/A = Not available. **** Notified 5 to 7 days after incubation. Four from Arizona, one from Georgia.