Table 6.
Effects of in ovo feeding of α-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) on the plasma antioxidant capacity indicated as DPPH-RSA (%), MDA concentration and antioxidant balance (AB) on day 0 and day 21 of age *.
| Treatments | DPPH-RSA (%) |
MDA (nmol/mL) |
Antioxidant Balance (U) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AKG effect | ||||
| 0 AKG | 27.3 ± 1.0 a | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 21.4 ± 1.5 | |
| 0.5 AKG | 28.4 ± 1.4 b | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 2.4 | |
| 1.0 AKG | 28.3 ± 1.2 b | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 24.7 ± 3.0 | |
| 1.5 AKG | 28.8 ± 1.1 b | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 29.0 ± 2.1 | |
| p-value | ANOVA | 0.001 | 0.080 | 0.053 |
| Linear | 0.381 | 0.066 | 0.024 | |
| Quadratic | 0.797 | 0.390 | 0.644 | |
| Day effect | ||||
| Day 0 | 32.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 20.2 ± 1.0 | |
| Day 21 | 24.3 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 29.2 ± 1.7 | |
| p-value | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
| AKG * Day effect | ||||
| Day 0 | 0 AKG | 30.5 ± 0.6 y | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 19.4 ± 0.9 |
| 0.5 AKG | 33.1 ± 0.3 z | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 18.1 ± 2.2 | |
| 1.0 AKG | 32.2 ± 0.5 z | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 19.5 ± 2.6 | |
| 1.5 AKG | 32.6 ± 0.1 z | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 23.6 ± 1.6 | |
| Day 21 | 0 AKG | 24.0 ± 0.2 x | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 23.4 ± 2.7 |
| 0.5 AKG | 23.7 ± 0.4 x | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 29.1 ± 2.9 | |
| 1.0 AKG | 24.5 ± 0.1 x | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 29.9 ± 4.7 | |
| 1.5 AKG | 25.1 ± 0.3 x | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 34.4 ± 2.2 | |
| p-value | 0.003 | 0.285 | 0.503 | |
* At 17.5 day of incubation, eggs were injected with 0.6 mL AKG solution with a concentration of 0% (0 AKG), 0.5% (0.5 AKG), 1.0% (1.0 AKG), and 1.5% (1.5 AKG). Blood was collected from chicks in each treatment group. Plasma was separated. Plasma was used to analyze the different antioxidative markers. Antioxidant balance (AB) was derived as the ratio of DPPH-RSA to MDA in plasma. Data show mean ± SEM (n = 6). Means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test. a,b: means bearing different letters indicate a statistical difference (p < 0.05). x, y, z: means bearing different superscript indicate a statistical difference (p < 0.05) in interaction of AKG*Age. Abbreviations: DPPH-RSA (%), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity; MDA, malondialdehyde.