AB	antibiotic-treated control
BCFA	branched-chain fatty acids
C	control (period)
CA	cholic acid
CDI	Clostridioides difficile infection
CFU	colony forming units
CLI	clindamycin treatment
COVID-19	coronavirus disease 19
CTRL	blank control
DAPC	discriminant analysis of principal components
DC	distal colon
DCA	deoxycholic acid
GCA	glycocholic acid
LAC5	lactulose treatment with 5 g/d during the clindamycin treatment and C. difficile stabilization period
LAC5V0	lactulose treatment with 5 g/d during the vancomycin treatment and post-intervention period
LAC5V1	lactulose treatment with 5 g/d during the vancomycin treatment and post-intervention period with lactulose supplementation initiated one day before starting vancomycin treatment
LAC10	lactulose treatment with 10 g/d during the clindamycin treatment and C. difficile infection stabilization period
LAC10V0	lactulose treatment with 10 g/d during the vancomycin treatment and post-intervention period
LAC10V1	lactulose treatment with 10 g/d during the vancomycin treatment and post-intervention period with lactulose supplementation initiated one day before starting vancomycin treatment
LDA	linear discriminant analysis
LEfSe	linear discriminant analysis effect size
PBS	phosphate buffer saline
PC	proximal colon
PCA	principal component analysis
PI	post-intervention
RCM	reinforced clostridial medium
SARS-CoV-2	severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
SCFA	short-chain fatty acids
SEM	standard error of the mean
SHIME	Simulator of the Human Microbial Ecosytem
Si	small intestine
St	stomach
TCA	taurocholic acid
TCDCA	taurochenodeoxycholic acid
VNC	vancomycin treatment
_I	first week of
_II	second week of
_III	third week of