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Chemo- and radiotherapy-mediated ROS induces apoptosis in malignant cells and side effects in healthy cells at the same time. The paradoxical use of antioxidants (AOs) might diminish side effects, but could also lead to chemo-resistant cancer cells (own illustration). VC: vitamin C; VE: Vitamin E; EGCG: epigallocatechin-3-gallate; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Nrf-2: nuclear erythroid-related factor-2; ↑ increase, ↓ decrease.
