Table 1.
AMPs with in vitro anti-Toxoplasma activity on tachyzoites.
| AMP Name | Type | Source | Evaluated Concentrations |
Cytotoxicity | Activity and Possible Mechanism of Action | IC50 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frog skin secretion [71] | ND |
Phyllomedusa distincta [Amphibia] Corythomanti greening [Amphibia] |
25 µg/mL and 22 µg/mL respectively |
None in human Fibroblasts |
Inhibits invasion | ND |
| CA (2–8) M(1–18) [65] |
Cecropin/ melittin hybrid peptide |
Synthetic | 5 µM | None in human fibroblasts |
Reduces viability Membrane lytic activity |
ND |
| Ac2-26 peptide mimetic of Annexin A1 [76] | Human peptide | Synthetic | 5 μM | ND | Decreases proliferation rate |
ND |
| Lycosin-Ι [68] | Linear peptide | Lycosa singoriensis [Arachnida] | 20 µM | Cytotoxic at 34.69 µM in human fibroblasts |
Invasion and proliferation inhibition. Cell membrane alteration |
28 and 10.08 μM for intracellular and extracellular tachyzoites, respectively |
| Longicin [69] | Cationic | Haemaphysalis longicornis [Arachnida] | 50 µM | ND | Reduces proliferation. Cell membrane disruption |
ND |
| ND [72] | Venoms | Ornitoctonus huwena Chilobrachys jingzhao [Arachnida] | 12.5 µg/mL | Cytotoxic to Hella cells |
Proliferation and invasion reduction |
ND |
| XYP1 [67] | Cationic | synthesized | 2.5–40 µM | Low cytotoxicity at 20 µM in human fibroblasts |
Inhibition of viability, invasion, and proliferation. Damage to membrane associated proteins (HSP29) |
38.79 µM |
| cal14.1a [75] | Conotoxin |
Conus californicus [Gastropoda] |
10–50 µM | Not detected up to 50 µM in Hep-2 cells | Affects viability and replication by disrupting cell membrane |
ND |
| ND [73] | Venom | Hemiscorpius Lepturus [Arachnida] | 50 µg/mL | CC50 72.46 µg/mL (Vero cells) | Reduces viability and invasion. Probably damaging ion channels and enzymatic activity |
39.06 µg/mL |
| Killer peptide (KP) [77] |
Decapeptide | Synthetic | 25–200 µg/mL | Nontoxic to Vero cells. Genotoxic effects were reported |
Reduces invasion and proliferation. Maybe triggers an apoptosis like cell death |
ND |
| Longicin P4 [70] | ND | Haemaphysalis Longicornis [Arachnida] | 50 µM | Nontoxic up to 25 µM |
Reduces proliferation. Induces aggregation and affects membrane integrity |
ND |
| HPRP-A1/A2 [64] | Cationic peptide |
Synthetic | 10–40 µg/mL | Nontoxic in peritoneal macrophages. |
Reduces viability, adhesion, and invasion |
ND |
| Sub6-B, Pep1, Pep2a and Pep2b [74] | Venom fractions |
Tityus serrulatus [Arachnida] |
100 µg/mL | Nontoxic in peritoneal macrophages |
Reduces invasion and replication. Disruption of cell membrane | ND |
ND: Not Determined.