Table 3.
AMPs with in vitro anti-Malarial activity.
| AMP Name | Type | Source | Evaluated Concentration |
Cytotoxicity | Activity and Possible Mechanisms of Action |
IC50 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pep1 BM [91] | ND | Synthetic | 20 µL | ND | Inhibition of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in P. falciparum rings | 16.14 μg/mL |
| JR21 [92] | ND | Synthetic | 10 µM | ND | Dihydrofolate reductase- thymidylate synthase inhibition in P. falciparum rings |
3.87 µM |
| CYS-IHL [94] | Linear | Synthetic | 69.91 µM | Noncytotoxic in human liver carcinoma cell. | Hemoglobinase activity inhibition in late P. falciparum Trophozoites |
27.55 µM |
| Kakeromamide B [95] |
Cyclic |
Moorea producens [Cyanobacteria] |
11 µM | Noncytotoxic in HEK293T and HepG2 cells | Reduction in proliferation of P. falciparum sexual blood-stages and P. berghei liver-stage. High affinity to actin, sortilin and subunit A of glutamyl-tRNA amide transferase |
8.9 µM |
| [Gly]1-Pol-CP-NH2 [96] | ND | Synthetic derived from Pol-CP-NH2 |
6.25 µM | Cytotoxic in human mammary adenocarcinoma, Hep G2, SHSY-5Y, and SK-mel-147 |
Cell membrane disruption in P. falciparum sporozoites | ND |
| Crotamine [97,98] | Cationic |
Crotalusdurissusterrificus [Lepidosauria] |
20 µM | No hemolytic activity in human erythrocytes |
Peptide–membrane interactions and H+ homeostasis disruption in P. falciparum asexual blood stages | 1.87 µM |
| (L-cyclohexyl alanin-D- arginine) 3 [99] |
ND | Synthetic | 59.16 ng/mL | No cytotoxic effects in human erythrocytes and leukocytes |
Chromatin compaction and mitochondrial membrane disruption in P. falciparum asexual blood stages |
8.94 ng/mL |
| rR8-JR21 [92] | ND | Synthetic | 13.22 | ND | Dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase inhibition in P. falciparum ring stages | 1.53 µM |
| LZ1 [100] | Linear peptide | Synthetic derived fromcathelicidin-BF |
25 µM and 4 mg/kg | ND | Blockade of ATP production by selective inhibition of pyruvate kinase activity in P. falciparum blood stages. | 3.045 µM |
| Mtk-1 y Mtk-2 [101] | Rich in proline | Drosophila melanogaster [Insecta] | 50 µM | Hemolytic activity in pig and mouse (CD1) erythrocytes |
Cell membrane disruption in P. falciparum asexual blood stages | ND |
| Stomoxyn [101] | ND |
Lucilia sericata [Insecta] |
50 µM | Hemolytic activity in highest concentrations in pig and mouse (CD1) erythrocytes |
Cell membrane disruption in P. falciparum asexual blood stages | ND |
| CecA y CecB [101] | Linear cations |
Galleria mellonella [Insecta] |
50 µM | Hemolytic activity in highest concentrations in pig and mouse (CD1) erythrocytes |
Cell membrane disruption in P. falciparum asexual blood stages. | ND |
| [Arg]3-VmCT1-NH2, [Arg]7-VmCT1-NH2 [102] | Synthetic | 5 µM/L | Lower Cytotoxic effects in MCF-7 human breast epithelial cells, CC50 20 and 18 µM/L | Cell membrane disruption in P. gallinaceum sporozoites | 0.57, 0.51 µM/L | |
| VmCT1-NH2 [102] |
Vaejovis mexicanus [Arachnida] |
5 µM/L | CC50 8.3 µM/L in MCF-7 human breast epithelial cells | Cell membrane disruption in P. gallinaceum sporozoites | 0.49 µM/L |
ND: not determined.