FIG. 4.

Flagella from CD5, SL1344, JB580, PAO1, and E2348/69 up regulate TNFα expression in human blood monocytes. LPS-tolerized PBMC were incubated for 4 h in the presence of each flagellum preparation at a final protein concentration of 1.6 μg/ml. As described in Fig. 1, the amount of TNFα in each sample was measured by ELISA and then normalized against the value for the CD5 flagellum-treated cells. The means and standard deviations from five independent experiments are shown.