Table 7.

Summary of antibiotic resistance genes and corresponding resistance phenotype in E. coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Listeria spp.

Species	Resistance Genes and Types of Antibiotics or Antimicrobial Groups	References
E. coli	blaTEM, blaOXA-1: ampicillin, cefotaxime; cat1, cat2, cmlA: chloramphenicol; sul1, sul2, folP: sulfonamides; tet(A), tet(B): tetracyclines; aphA1, aphA2: kanamycin; aadA1: streptomycin; aac(3)-IV: gentamicin; gyrA (Ser83Leu, Asp87Asn), gyrB (Asp426Asn), parC (Ser80Ile), parE (Leu445His): quinolone; pmrA (Arg81His, Glu106Ala), pmrB (Gly206Arg, Tyr222His): colistin; rpoB (Ile572Phe): rifamycin; 23S: macrolides; 16S rrsB: gentamicin, spectinomycin, tetracyclines; 16S rrsH: spectinomycin	[31,35,38,133,134]
Salmonella spp.	blaTEM-1, blaTEM-117, blaTEM-135, blaCTX-M-9, blaCTX-M55, blaCYM-2: β-lactams; gyrA (Ser83Tyr, Asp87Asn), gyrB (Tyr420Cys), parC (Ser80Arg), parE (Ser458Pro): quinolone; pmrB (Val164Met, Arg92Pro): colistin; sul1, sul2, sul3: sulfonamides; tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(G), tet(M), tet(R): tetracyclines; dfrA1, dfrA12, dfrA14: trimethoprim; floR, cmlA1: chloramphenicol; aac(6′)-I, strA, strB, aadA (ant(3”)Ia), aac3-VIa, aph(3′)Ib, aphA (aph(3′)IIa), aac3-IId, aadB (ant(2”)Ia), aac-IVa, aph(4)Ia: aminoglycosides; fosA2: fosfomycin; mph(A), ere(A), mef(B): macrolides; arr2: rifampicin	[135,136,137,138]
Staphylococcus spp.	blaZ, mecA, mecC: β-lactams; erm(A), erm(C): erythromycin, clindamycin; mphC, msrA: erythromycin; aacA-aphD: gentamicin; aadD: tobramycin; fusB, fusC: fusidic acid; tet(K), tet(L), tet(M): tetracyclines; fexA: chloramphenicol; fosB: fosfomycin; inuA: lincomycin; vanA: vancomycin; msr(A), mph(C): macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins	[60,139,140,141]
Listeria spp.	blaTEM, blaCTX-M-9: β-lactams; tet(A), tet(B), tet(C), tet(M), tet(O), tet(S): tetracyclines; strA, aadA, aadB, ant6: aminoglycosides; dfrD: trimethoprim; sul1, sul2: sulfonamides; erm(B): macrolides; fos(X), vga(D): lincosamides	[142,143,144]