Table 1.
Anthropometric and biochemical parameters.
| Control | T2D | p-Value | BMI Adjusted p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 57 | 51 | ||
| Age (years) | 53.7 ± 7.7 | 57.10 ± 10.3 | NS | |
| Weight (kg) | 72.8 ± 18.0 | 84.7 ± 16.4 | <0.001 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 ± 4.14 | 30.6 ± 5.48 | <0.001 | |
| Waist (cm) | 87.7 ± 12.7 | 103.5± 11.7 | <0.001 | |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.1 ± 9.4 | 153.7± 45.0 *** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (μL/mL) | 7.19± 2.62 | 25.9± 15.7 *** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.67 ± 0.70 | 9.74 ± 6.87 *** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.31 ± 0.34 | 7.14 ± 1.16 *** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 203.7 ± 34.5 | 158.7 ± 39.1 *** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 57.2 ± 19.7 | 43.5 ± 9.85 ** | <0.001 | <0.003 |
| LDL-c (mg/dL) | 126.5 ± 29.5 | 87.0 ± 31.7 *** | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 90.5 (62.8–150.5) | 132 (92.8–164.75) ** | <0.009 | NS |
| Hs-CRP (mg/L) | 1.17 (0.44–2.17) | 2.45 (1.22–5.39) | <0.001 | NS |
Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for parametric data and as median (25th and 75th percentiles) for non-parametric data. The three groups were compared with one-way analysis of variance (and Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test) or the Kruskal–Wallis test (and Dunn’s multiple-comparison post hoc test) for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. The analysis of covariance was performed with a univariate general linear model using the BMI as a covariate. ** p < 0.01 and *** p < 0.001 with respect to control. Abbreviations: BMI, body–mass index; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hs-CRP, highsensitive C-reactive protein; LDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T2D, type 2 diabetes; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; NS: not significant.