Table 4.
(A) Coagulation analysis of rats receiving astaxanthin over a 13-week period. (B) Hematology values of rats receiving astaxanthin over a 13-week period. (C) Serum chemistry of rats receiving astaxanthin over a 13-week period. (D) Urinalysis of rats receiving astaxanthin over a 13-week period.
| A | ||||||||
| Parameters | Coagulation (Mean ± SD) | |||||||
| Group |
Vehicle Control
0 mg/kg/day |
Low-Dose
6 mg/kg/day |
Mid-Dose
12 mg/kg/day |
High-Dose
24 mg/kg/day |
Vehicle Control
0 mg/kg/day |
Low-Dose
6 mg/kg/day |
Mid-Dose
12 mg/kg/day |
High-Dose
24 mg/kg/day |
| Male | Female | |||||||
| Number of Animals | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| PT (sec) | 11.95 ± 1.30 | 13.27 ± 1.26 | 14.55 ± 1.57 * | 13.75 ± 2.06 * | 9.40 ± 0.51 | 9.11 ± 0.25 | 9.28 ± 0.27 | 9.25 ± 0.15 |
| APTT (sec) | 17.33 ± 2.12 | 19.11 ± 1.24 * | 19.95 ± 1.19 * | 19.30 ± 1.18 * | 15.58 ± 1.00 | 15.58 ± 1.06 | 16.23 ± 0.63 | 16.14 ± 1.12 |
| FIB (mg/dL) | 250.33 ± 20.57 | 238.66 ± 24.42 | 237.01 ± 17.83 | 230.77 ± 14.00 | 169.19 ± 26.81 | 179.75 ± 9.73 | 179.30 ± 11.35 | 184.23 ± 6.15 |
| *: p ≤ 0.05 (compared to vehicle control group) | ||||||||
| B | ||||||||
| Parameters | Hematology (Mean ± SD) | |||||||
| Group |
Vehicle Control
0 mg/kg/day |
Low-Dose
6 mg/kg/day |
Mid-Dose
12 mg/kg/day |
High-Dose
24 mg/kg/day |
Vehicle Control
0 mg/kg/day |
Low-Dose
6 mg/kg/day |
Mid-Dose
12 mg/kg/day |
High-Dose
24 mg/kg/day |
| Male | Female | |||||||
| Number of Animals | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| WBC (103/mL) | 6.795 ± 1.627 | 6.146 ± 1.513 | 6.666 ± 1.470 | 5.904 ± 1.592 | 4.692 ± 1.857 | 4.364 ± 1.767 | 5.243 ± 1.342 | 4.668 ± 0.543 |
| RBC (106/mL) | 9.002 ± 0.389 | 9.360 ± 0.440 | 9.279 ± 0.326 | 9.039 ± 0.364 | 7.985 ± 0.340 | 7.845 ± 0.135 | 8.189 ± 0.315 | 7.899 ± 0.256 |
| HGB (g/dL) | 15.77 ± 0.70 | 16.36 ± 0.61 | 16.40 ± 0.28 | 16.16 ± 0.70 | 14.64 ± 0.53 | 14.42 ± 0.34 | 14.89 ± 0.42 | 14.63 ± 0.50 |
| HCT (%) | 45.59 ± 1.91 | 46.94 ± 1.56 | 47.31 ± 1.10 | 46.12 ± 1.92 | 41.59 ± 1.61 | 41.31 ± 0.70 | 42.92 ± 1.27 | 42.10 ± 1.25 |
| MCV (fL) | 50.68 ± 1.43 | 50.20 ± 1.40 | 51.04 ± 1.66 | 51.04 ± 1.46 | 52.10 ± 1.27 | 52.67 ± 1.21 | 52.45 ± 1.56 | 53.33 ± 0.97 |
| MCH (pg) | 17.53 ± 0.53 | 17.48 ± 0.61 | 17.68 ± 0.53 | 17.88 ± 0.52 | 18.33 ± 0.46 | 18.38 ± 0.58 | 18.18 ± 0.50 | 18.53 ± 0.35 |
| MCHC (g/dL) | 34.59 ± 0.24 | 34.85 ± 0.39 | 34.66 ± 0.30 | 35.04 ± 0.37 * | 35.20 ± 0.32 | 34.90 ± 0.44 | 34.70 ± 0.35* | 34.75 ± 0.25 * |
| PLT (103/mL) | 1065.3 ± 81.9 | 1075.9 ± 166.1 | 1057.7 ± 106.9 | 1084.3 ± 80.6 | 1015.7 ± 138.0 | 940.4 ± 228.5 | 1027.8 ± 79.9 | 962.5 ± 110.6 |
| NEU (%) | 26.76 ± 11.05 | 27.61 ± 5.12 | 24.08 ± 9.26 | 28.85 ± 9.82 | 15.85 ± 5.84 | 12.41 ± 3.26 | 15.49 ± 5.00 | 13.04 ± 5.28 |
| LYM (%) | 65.57 ± 10.33 | 65.52 ± 5.25 | 68.80 ± 9.51 | 63.74 ± 9.73 | 78.13 ± 6.61 | 81.97 ± 4.62 | 79.32 ± 5.72 | 81.51 ± 6.03 |
| MON (%) | 6.81 ± 1.10 | 6.24 ± 0.65 | 6.64 ± 1.11 | 6.94 ± 1.16 | 5.42 ± 1.91 | 5.21 ± 1.37 | 4.92 ± 1.68 | 5.03 ± 1.09 |
| EOS (%) | 0.61 ± 0.47 | 0.40 ± 0.24 | 0.26 ± 0.12 * | 0.28 ± 0.14 * | 0.40 ± 0.33 | 0.34 ± 0.26 | 0.16 ± 0.14 | 0.28 ± 0.21 |
| BAS (%) | 0.25 ± 0.08 | 0.23 ± 0.11 | 0.22 ± 0.12 | 0.19 ± 0.09 | 0.20 ± 0.13 | 0.07 ± 0.19 | 0.11 ± 0.11 | 0.14 ± 0.10 |
| RET (%) | 2.214 ± 0.28 | 2.143 ± 0.382 | 2.206 ± 0.173 | 2.162 ± 0.309 | 2.088 ± 0.472 | 2.261 ± 0.413 | 1.982 ± 0.338 | 2.321 ± 0.362 |
| *: p ≤ 0.05 (compared to vehicle control group) | ||||||||
| C | ||||||||
| Parameters | Serum Chemistry (Mean ± SD) | |||||||
| Group |
Vehicle Control
0 mg/kg/day |
Low-Dose
6 mg/kg/day |
Mid-Dose
12 mg/kg/day |
High-Dose
24 mg/kg/day |
Vehicle Control
0 mg/kg/day |
Low-Dose
6 mg/kg/day |
Mid-Dose
12 mg/kg/day |
High-Dose
24 mg/kg/day |
| Male | Female | |||||||
| Number of Animals | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| AST (U/L) | 99.25 ± 18.36 | 103.85 ± 22.32 | 93.14 ± 25.58 | 88.91 ± 12.18 | 77.66 ± 11.13 | 81.93 ± 16.99 | 79.52 ± 13.35 | 73.12 ± 12.26 |
| ALT (U/L) | 28.82 ± 3.59 | 31.71 ± 4.92 | 27.02 ± 6.61 | 28.38 ± 3.02 | 25.57 ± 3.51 | 25.57 ± 8.28 | 22.64 ± 3.33 | 22.01 ± 5.33 |
| GLU (mg/dL) | 222.80 ± 51.18 | 201.05 ± 47.60 | 200.08 ± 20.95 | 193.29 ± 40.03 | 171.20 ± 29.06 | 188.49 ± 43.42 | 171.36 ± 16.88 | 180.18 ± 32.94 |
| TP (g/dL) | 5.92 ± 0.43 | 5.93 ± 0.40 | 5.84 ± 0.24 | 5.85 ± 0.33 | 6.22 ± 0.34 | 6.10 ± 0.36 | 6.38 ± 0.41 | 6.15 ± 0.32 |
| ALB (g/dL) | 3.94 ± 0.27 | 3.97 ± 0.23 | 3.92 ± 0.20 | 3.82 ± 0.21 | 4.55 ± 0.28 | 4.48 ± 0.34 | 4.52 ± 0.37 | 4.42 ± 0.24 |
| TBIL (mg/dL) | 0.063 ± 0.015 (n = 9 a) |
0.063 ± 0.019 (n = 9 a) |
0.063 ± 0.013 (n = 9 a) |
0.062 ± 0.017 (n = 9 a) |
0.071 ± 0.019 | 0.082 ± 0.020 (n = 9 a) |
0.063 ± 0.013 (n = 8 a) |
0.071 ± 0.014 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 13.90 ± 1.97 | 14.28 ± 1.52 | 13.43 ± 1.86 | 13.60 ± 0.76 | 14.31 ± 2.42 | 14.77 ± 2.26 | 13.48 ± 1.20 | 13.38 ± 1.58 |
| CREA (mg/dL) | 0.34 ± 0.07 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.41 ± 0.06 | 0.44 ± 0.07 | 0.40 ± 0.07 | 0.40 ± 0.05 |
| GGT (U/L) | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 | <2 |
| ALP (U/L) | 221.78 ± 29.19 | 226.35 ± 32.10 | 246.24 ± 38.71 | 247.44 ± 56.76 | 122.43 ± 28.33 | 114.42 ± 33.98 | 131.72 ± 52.40 | 125.49 ± 46.07 |
| CHOL (mg/dL) | 68.44 ± 18.01 | 53.91 ± 10.23 * | 55.24 ± 7.85 | 53.31 ± 11.14 * | 52.22 ± 10.91 | 62.32 ± 18.28 | 61.47 ± 13.94 | 53.50 ± 14.25 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 37.60 ± 19.36 | 22.68 ± 6.82 * | 25.64 ± 9.37 | 21.51 ± 6.26 * | 18.59 ± 6.85 | 20.89 ± 6.94 | 15.05 ± 4.51 | 18.59 ± 8.67 |
| Ca (mg/dL) | 9.93 ± 0.32 | 9.73 ± 0.32 | 9.84 ± 0.32 | 9.71 ± 0.29 | 10.07 ± 0.26 | 9.99 ± 0.35 | 10.02 ± 0.21 | 10.03 ± 0.24 |
| P (mg/dL) | 6.50 ± 0.58 | 6.63 ± 0.64 | 6.59 ± 0.28 | 6.32 ± 0.45 | 5.41 ± 0.79 | 5.56 ± 0.57 | 5.74 ± 0.84 | 5.92 ± 0.69 |
| CK (U/L) | 447.55 ± 326.04 | 433.81 ± 305.08 | 394.79 ± 340.79 | 367.31 ± 185.55 | 270.22 ± 150.71 | 285.67 ± 133.62 | 276.82 ± 182.04 | 249.60 ± 97.66 |
| AMY (U/L) | 1557.9 ± 240.9 | 1395.3 ± 269.0 | 1368.0 ± 148.0 | 1338.0 ± 182.3 | 872.4 ± 159.7 | 943.9 ± 210.7 | 991.5 ± 149.2 | 948.4 ± 309.0 |
| Na (mmol/L) | 143.41 ± 2.04 | 143.59 ± 1.28 | 143.76 ± 1.47 | 143.50 ± 0.96 | 142.17 ± 0.56 | 142.25 ± 1.16 | 142.61 ± 1.44 | 142.55 ± 1.49 |
| K (mmol/L) | 4.480 ± 0.432 | 4.390 ± 0.396 | 4.380 ± 0.204 | 4.350 ± 0.310 | 4.330 ± 0.340 | 4.410 ± 0.307 | 4.490 ± 0.446 | 4.280 ± 0.193 |
| Cl (mmol/L) | 105.50 ± 1.34 | 105.75 ± 1.49 | 105.62 ± 1.31 | 106.90 ± 1.93 | 105.79 ± 1.36 | 106.58 ± 1.26 | 106.31 ± 0.92 | 107.04 ± 1.72 |
| LDH (U/L) | 737.2 ± 459.1 | 653.7 ± 375.6 | 737.4 ± 683.5 | 673.0 ± 389.8 | 528.5 ± 315.9 | 513.6 ± 241.8 | 611.6 ± 440.1 | 502.8 ± 228.2 |
| TBA (umol/L) | 6.9 ± 2.6 | 10.7 ± 7.7 | 9.1 ± 3.6 | 12.2 ± 10.5 | 9.4 ± 3.2 | 18.0 ± 22.4 | 11.0 ± 3.3 | 8.9 ± 1.7 |
|
a The values of TBIL in other animals were lower than the detection limit. *: p ≤ 0.05 (compared to vehicle control group) | ||||||||
| D | ||||||||
| Gender | Parameters | Urine Quantitative Analysis (Mean ± SD) | ||||||
| Group |
Vehicle Control
0 mg/kg/day |
Low-Dose
6 mg/kg/day |
Mid-Dose
12 mg/kg/day |
High-Dose
24 mg/kg/day |
||||
| Number of Animals | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | ||||
| Male | Volume (mL) | 17.70 ± 7.65 | 17.50 ± 5.85 | 16.60 ± 7.06 | 16.20 ± 9.58 | |||
| SG | 1.0178 ± 0.0036 (n = 9 a) |
1.0180 ± 0.0035 | 1.0172 ± 0.0036 (n = 9 a) |
1.0190 ± 0.0046 | ||||
| pH | 7.35 ± 0.63 | 7.00 ± 0.24 | 7.30 ± 0.35 | 7.20 ± 0.26 | ||||
| UURO (EU/dL) | 0.28 ± 0.25 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | ||||
| Female | Volume (mL) | 12.00 ± 5.29 | 8.30 ± 4.11 | 9.20 ± 3.46 | 12.00 ± 6.99 | |||
| SG | 1.0170 ± 0.0042 | 1.0189 ± 0.0042 (n = 9 a) |
1.0183 ± 0.0035 (n = 9 a) |
1.0185 ± 0.0047 | ||||
| pH | 6.65 ± 0.47 | 6.95 ± 0.55 | 6.75 ± 0.59 | 7.00 ± 0.24 | ||||
| UURO (EU/dL) | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.00 | ||||
| a The values of specific gravity from other animals were higher than the detection limit. | ||||||||