Table 1.

Selection of exercises presented in each week during the three-week treatment phase (a total of 12 sessions per dog). Each session included presentation of a novel object (while puppies were inside the pen), a problem-solving task (easier tasks were presented first), and two different sounds. If a litter was already familiar with a given object, a “replacement novel object” or “replacement problem-solving task” was presented instead.

Exercises	3–4 Weeks	4–5 Weeks	5–6 Weeks
Novel objects	Puffed-up plastic bag	Paper bag	Roll-down blind
	Umbrella	Plastic cone	Plastic bag
	Cat toy	Flamingo	Scooter
	Water bottle	Crumpled up paper	Mirror
Replacement novel objects	Helmet	Pump	Metal bowl
	Backpack	Trimmer
Problem-solving tasks	Book challenge	Traversal challenge 1	Detour challenge 1
	Plate challenge	Mirror challenge	Detour challenge 2
	Wobble challenge	Barrier challenge	Shaping challenge 1
	Tea towel challenge	Traversal challenge 2	Shaping challenge 2
Replacement problem-solving tasks	Find-food challenge	Tea towel challenge 2	Detour challenge 3
Startle & recovery exercises	Book dropped	Cake tin dropped	Firework recording
	Kitchen pod lid banged	Eyeglasses case dropped	Metal kitchen pod dropped
	Kitchen pod lid dropped	Bicycle horn tooted	Metal food bowl dropped
	Cutlery dropped	Metal box with cutlery shaken	Metal clicker
	Wooden spoon drummed	Gunshot recording	Experimenter screamed
	Plastic bottle dropped	Hair dryer	Brush dropped
	Door slammed	Roll-down blind dropped	Plastic cone dropped
	Clapping hands	Umbrella dropped	Plastic bowl dropped