Table 3.

Overall Biomarkers found from previous clinical trials [71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79].

Biomarkers	Condition	Findings
miRNA (plasma)	TBI	There was a significant elevation of miRNAs in the TBI study population. Three miRNAs may be particularly useful in identifying chronic TBIs [71].
miRNA (EV)	TBI	Potential indicator of chronic blast-related TBI, dozens of miRNA identified but needs further investigation [71].
CRP (plasma)	TBI	Indicator for TBI, shown through iTRAQ and validated with ELISA [71].
MME (plasma)	TBI	Potential indicator for chronic mTBI, strong indicator in long-term TBI patients.
Cortical thinning (imaging)	TBI	Strong indicator to differentiate between blast-related TBI and non-blast-related TBI. However, this is still a neuroimaging biomarker [72].
NRGN (blood)	TBI	Potential indicator of mTBI in pediatric patients [73].
S100B (blood)	TBI	Limited diagnostic use for mTBI patients due lack of specificity; increased levels in multiple extracranial pathologies [73,74]. Serum concentration in blood samples drawn less than 3 h after trauma is an accurate predictor of a normal CT scan for mTBI patients [79]
GFAP (blood)	TBI	Not specific enough as a diagnostic indicator due to high levels in multiple types of brain injuries [73] Greater indicator than S100B, especially for injuries with delayed treatment such as military personnel in combat situations [72] Additional trial in progress [79]
Metabolic Panel ((FA 2-OH C16:0, FA C18:0, TUDCA, PE ae C36:4, PE aa C38:6, and LysoPC a C20:4)	TBI	Potentially strong indicator of mTBI for recent injuries up to 7 days post injury [75]
FDG on PET (imaging)	TBI	Indicator of neuronal activity; number of blast exposure correlates with FDG uptake in veterans [76]
P-tau on PET(imaging)	CTE	Neuropathological evidence correlating p-tau in an irregular pattern to ante-mortem cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms of CTE [77]
P3b ERP (neurologic testing)	TBI + PTSD	Diminished P3b amplitude during DS-CPT is a strong potential indicator of blast-related mTBI and/or PTSD after combat trauma, but is unable to differentiate between mTBI and PTSD [78]