Table 5.
Kinetic parameters of select blood/serum/plasma-based biomarkers.
| Biomarker. | Detectable | Peak | Longevity | Half-Life | Order | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S100B | 1st: ~6 h 2nd: ~48 h |
Gradual decline over first 48 h, 2nd peak then subsequent decline ~96 h | ~2–6 h mTbI ~24 h severe TBI |
First-order, exponential decay * | [122] | |
| GFAP | <1 h | ~20 h | ~168 h (7 days) | 24–48 h | [122] | |
| UCH-L1 | <1 h | ~6–8 h | Gradual decrease over 48 h | 7–10 h | [122,125,126,127] | |
| NF-L | ~6 h ** | Continuous increase for up to 10 days *** | [128] | |||
| Total Tau | <1 h | <1 h | Steady decline over 12 h, levels detectable up to 18 months | ~36 h | [122] | |
| MAP-2 | ~6 h | N/A | Stable for 24 h | [129,130] | ||
| CCL-II | ~24 h |
* Conflicting information in various studies, complex kinetics; ** Study found NF levels detectable within 6 h in animal trial, not currently known for humans [128]; *** Only few studies have investigated NF-L kinetics.