Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristic (n, %) | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Warfarin Users | Warfarin Nonusers | p Value | SMD | Warfarin Users | Warfarin Nonusers | p Value | SMD | |
| N = 105 | N = 342 | N = 90 | N = 168 | |||||
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 60.1 ± 12.9 | 57.4 ± 14.5 | 0.088 | 0.197 | 59.9 ± 13.5 | 59.2 ± 14.6 | 0.699 | 0.051 |
| Aged ≥ 65 years | 40 (38.1) | 111 (32.5) | 0.285 | 0.118 | 36 (40.0) | 64 (38.1) | 0.765 | 0.039 |
| Gender: Male | 48 (45.7) | 124 (36.3) | 0.082 | 0.118 | 38 (42.2) | 75 (44.6) | 0.709 | 0.039 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc (mean ± SD) | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.7 ± 1.4 | 0.080 | 0.205 | 2.1 ± 1.6 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 0.171 | 0.178 |
| Hypertension | 38 (36.2) | 93 (27.2) | 0.076 | 0.194 | 32 (35.6) | 43 (25.6) | 0.093 | 0.218 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 22 (21.0) | 44 (12.9) | 0.041 | 0.217 | 18 (20.0) | 27 (16.1) | 0.428 | 0.102 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 9 (8.6) | 36 (10.5) | 0.560 | −0.067 | 9 (10.0) | 20 (11.9) | 0.644 | −0.061 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3 (2.9) | 17 (5.0) | 0.433 | −0.109 | 2 (2.2) | 4 (2.4) | 0.936 | −0.011 |
| Congestive heart failure | 38 (36.2) | 58 (17.0) | <0.0001 | 0.446 | 35 (38.9) | 44 (26.2) | 0.035 | 0.274 |
| Myocardial infarction | 0 | 10 (2.9) | 0.126 | −0.245 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4 (3.8) | 4 (1.2) | 0.092 | 0.170 | 3 (3.3) | 4 (2.4) | 0.698 | 0.057 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 14 (13.3) | 37 (10.8) | 0.478 | 0.077 | 13 (14.4) | 21 (12.5) | 0.660 | 0.057 |
| Rheumatic disease | 0 | 3 (0.9) | 1.000 | −0.133 | 0 | 2 (1.2) | 0.544 | −0.155 |
| Thromboembolism | 0 | 1 (0.3) | 1.000 | −0.077 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA |
| Cardiomyopathy | 4 (3.8) | 5 (1.5) | 0.224 | 0.147 | 4 (4.4) | 3 (1.8) | 0.243 | 0.154 |
| Any malignancy including leukemia | 0 | 5 (1.5) | 0.596 | −0.172 | 0 | 3 (1.8) | 0.554 | −0.191 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (1.9) | 4 (1.2) | 0.629 | 0.060 | 2 (2.2) | 3 (1.8) | 1.000 | 0.031 |
| Amiodarone | 20 (19.1) | 50 (14.6) | 0.275 | 0.119 | 19 (21.1) | 24 (14.3) | 0.161 | 0.180 |
| Aspirin | 38 (36.2) | 105 (30.7) | 0.292 | 0.117 | 35 (38.9) | 50 (29.8) | 0.137 | 0.193 |
| Clopidogrel | 3 (2.9) | 9 (2.6) | 1.000 | 0.014 | 3 (3.3) | 2 (1.2) | 0.346 | 0.145 |
| NSAIDs | 10 (9.5) | 34 (9.9) | 0.900 | −0.014 | 9 (10.0) | 18 (10.7) | 0.858 | −0.023 |
| Statins | 6 (5.7) | 16 (4.7) | 0.668 | 0.047 | 6 (6.7) | 9 (5.4) | 0.668 | 0.055 |
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; NSAIDs, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; PSM, propensity score matching; SD, standard deviation; SMD, standardized mean difference.