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. 2022 Nov 11;12(11):1676. doi: 10.3390/biom12111676

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Linking risk factors, biomarkers, and associated brain changes in the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The diagram shows that different risk factors and biomarkers can converge to induce neurodegeneration and impaired brain chemistry, which are responsible for disease symptoms. Double-sided arrows indicate mutual connections and feedback effects of risk factors and biomarkers, neurodegeneration, brain chemistry, and AD therapy.