Figure 5.

ceAF significantly inhibits tumor metastasis in the xenografts model (in vivo). The effect of ceAF in tumor growth inhibition in nude mice. Tumor size and tumor weight of mice treated with different fractions of ceAF (20, 10, and 5 v/v) compared to the control group (cells inoculated without giving any treatment) (A). Body weight and tumor volume (mean ± SD) of nude mice are shown (B,C). Representative staining images of H&E, Ki67, and Masson Trichrome in tumor xenografts (D). Significantly large necrotic areas in the 5% ceAF treated group can be seen as indicated via H&E staining. Decreased expression of Ki67 in the tumors treated with 5% ceAF mice can also be seen compared with control (E). In vivo inhibition of angiogenesis and increased necrosis with ceAF treatment was observed and validated via Masson’s trichrome staining (F). Density of collagen fibers per unit area (percentage) among different groups can be seen in (G). A relative quantification of nuclei fraction, number of positive Ki67 stained cells, and collagen volume fraction are shown in the extreme right panel, whereas statistical significance was evaluated with a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. (N = 3/group) where, * p < 0.05, ** p, 0.001 and *** p < 0.001. scalebar represents 100 μm.