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. 2022 Nov 10;9:1042184. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.1042184

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© 2022 Ahn, Park, Yoo and Jeong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Conceptual illustrations depicting the surgical procedure of endoscopic lumbar foraminotomy for spondylolisthesis. (A) Foraminal docking of the working sheath viewing the foraminal surgical field protecting the exiting nerve root (outside-in approach). (B) Foraminal unroofing using endoscopic burrs for resecting the upper pedicle and lower vertebral endplate. (C) Soft tissue decompression with removal of the ligamentum flavum. (D) Final point of the full-scale foraminal decompression from the axillary side to the lateral exit zone.