Table 3.
Mean differences between modalities and significance values of pairwise comparisons.
| Questions | Atrial Septal Defect | Double Outlet Right Ventricle |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Diff. | SD | p-Value a | Mean Diff. | SD | p-Value a | ||
| 1. Assessment of major vessels | DICOM-3DPHM | −0.18 | 1.24 | 0.41 | 0.03 | 1.36 | 1.00 |
| DICOM-MR | −0.26 | 1.64 | 0.15 | 0.24 | 1.62 | 1.00 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | −0.09 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 0.21 | 1.27 | 1.00 | |
| 2. Appreciation of heart defects | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.85 | 1.42 | 0.06 | 0.74 | 1.29 | 0.18 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.56 | 1.31 | 0.16 | 0.76 | 1.30 | 0.01 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | −0.29 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.03 | 1.29 | 0.18 | |
| 3. Spatial relationship between the cardiac structures | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.82 | 1.27 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 1.32 | 0.07 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.85 | 1.28 | 0.10 | 1.15 | 1.02 | 0.00 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | 0.03 | 1.22 | 1.00 | 0.35 | 1.12 | 1.00 | |
| 4. Depth perception | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.94 | 1.18 | 0.02 | 0.76 | 1.23 | 0.06 |
| DICOM-MR | 1.09 | 1.16 | 0.00 | 1.09 | 1.16 | 0.00 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | 0.15 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 0.32 | 1.17 | 0.40 | |
| 5. Pathology learning | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.85 | 1.28 | 0.02 | 0.62 | 1.35 | 0.26 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.94 | 1.20 | 0.00 | 0.91 | 1.26 | 0.00 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | 0.09 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 1.14 | 0.33 | |
| 6. Communication tool with another health professional | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.21 | 1.41 | 1.00 | 0.38 | 1.44 | 1.00 |
| DICOM-MR | −0.21 | 1.53 | 0.29 | 0.06 | 1.46 | 1.00 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | −0.41 | 1.26 | 0.29 | −0.32 | 1.32 | 0.57 | |
| 7. Communication tool with patients | DICOM-3DPHM | 1.41 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 1.44 | 0.99 | 0.00 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.35 | 1.04 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.93 | 0.12 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | −1.06 | 0.89 | 0.00 | −0.94 | 1.01 | 0.01 | |
| 8. Prepares me for surgery/intervention | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.23 | 1.31 | 1.00 | 0.14 | 1.42 | 1.00 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.45 | 1.60 | 0.57 | 0.68 | 1.36 | 0.23 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | 0.23 | 1.31 | 1.00 | 0.55 | 1.26 | 0.34 | |
| 9. Helps to understand possible complications | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.30 | 1.33 | 1.00 | 0.39 | 1.41 | 1.00 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.35 | 1.56 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 1.28 | 0.05 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | 0.44 | 1.36 | 1.00 | 0.39 | 1.31 | 0.22 | |
| 10. Pre-operative planning | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.57 | 1.34 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 1.33 | 1.00 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.74 | 1.36 | 0.00 | 0.87 | 1.32 | 0.02 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | 0.17 | 1.30 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 1.24 | 0.22 | |
| 11. Intra-operative guidance | DICOM-3DPHM | 0.48 | 1.27 | 0.88 | 0.35 | 1.37 | 1.00 |
| DICOM-MR | 0.70 | 1.43 | 0.36 | 0.83 | 1.30 | 0.14 | |
| 3DPHM-MR | 0.22 | 1.35 | 1.00 | 0.18 | 1.27 | 0.08 | |
a after Bonferroni correction. 3DPHM, three-dimensional printed heart models; DICOM, Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine; mean diff., mean difference; MR, mixed reality; SD, standard deviation.