Table 2.

Applications of biotechnology for regeneration in the craniofacial complex.

Craniofacial Component	Application
Bone Regeneration	MSCs mediate and enhance bone regeneration. They are suitable cells for craniofacial bone repair. BMSCs contribute to the healing of cranial lesions. Stem cells from teeth and distraction osteogenesis are promising factors for face reconstruction. Composite scaffolds of demineralized bone material and calcium phosphate loaded with MSCs result in bone regeneration in cleft areas.
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Regeneration	Scaffolds from natural and/or synthetic polymers loaded with MSCs in the TMJ area enable the differentiation of encapsulated MSCs into distinct fibrocartilage formations, and as a result, various types of cartilage tissues are formed.
Tooth Regeneration	Dental mesenchymal stem cells are suitable as dental pulp stem cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells and exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cells enhance pulp and periodontal regeneration.