Figure 4.

Multi-method investigation of cognitive processes using wide-field Ca²⁺ imaging. (A) Activity flow between M2 and other brain regions increases during motor learning. Matrices of granger causality values from M2 (left most column) to other brain regions (left to right, anterior to posterior) during four stages of learning of a motor task, in which mice are trained to press a lever beyond a specific threshold. Bottom row: spatial causality maps showing directionality from M2 to various regions are increased with learning. Modified with permission from [18]. (B) Correlation matrices showing differences in brain functional connectivity during different behavioral tasks requiring different levels of complexity. Panels (B,C) adapted with permission from [95]. (C) Line plot showing the average correlation coefficient per brain region between different behavioral paradigms (RM One-Way ANOVA p = 3.1 × 10⁻²³ with post hoc Tukey’s multiple comparisons; p < 0.001; circles). (D) Cortical activation relative to baseline during a closed loop visual task. At Day 1 in task learning mice, cortical activation is limited to the primary visual cortex. In Day 9, task proficient mice, cortical activation extends to high visual areas. In task proficient mice, during passive task playback, there is no relative activation of the visual areas. (E) Activation of high visual areas relative to primary visual cortex increases in task proficient mice performing the task and is reduced during task playback. Panels (D,E) reused with permission from [125].