Skip to main content
. 2022 Nov 15;11(22):3622. doi: 10.3390/cells11223622

Table 1.

The genes predicted to be involved in different stress adaptation mechanisms.

Stress Type Protein Type Genes/Operon/Protein Location Function References
Oxidative stress Superoxide dismutase SodA (Mn superoxide dismutase); SodB (Fe superoxide dismutase); and SodC (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase) sequence01_2888396_2887776, sequence01_1115542_1114961, sequence01_1123281_1123799 Provides superoxide resistance [47]
Catalase KatE, manganese catalase, and KatG sequence01_4550870_4549998, sequence01_3881760_3883940 Protection against the H2O2 [48]
Hydroperoxide reductases Organic hydroperoxide resistance protein, organic hydroperoxide resistance transcriptional regulator sequence01_3509831_3509403, sequence01_3510368_3509916 Detoxification of organic hydroperoxide [49]
Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase Alkyl hydroperoxide reductase protein F (ahpF), alkyl hydroperoxide reductase protein C (ahpC), alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C-like protein sequence01_419756_421321, sequence01_419004_419567, sequence01_178141_177539 Oxidative stress defense [50]
Thiol peroxidases Thiol peroxidase, Tpx-type, thiol peroxidase, Bcp-type sequence01_1694758_1695264, sequence01_2514125_2514595 Reduces t-butyl hydroperoxide, H2O2, and cumene hydroperoxide [51]
Nitric oxide dioxygenase Flavohemoglobin/nitric oxide dioxygenase, nitric oxide reductase FlRd-NAD(+) reductase, anaerobic nitric oxide reductase flavorubredoxin sequence01_2597555_2598745, sequence01_4699018_4697885, sequence01_4700463_4699015 Detoxifies free radical nitric oxide [52]
Nitrate reductase Anaerobic nitric oxide reductase transcription regulator NorR sequence01_4700651_4702165 Required for the expression of anaerobic nitric oxide (NO) reductase [53]
RND transporters AcrAB sequence01_266663_267316 Export of pytoalexins [54]
Heavy metal resistance Arsenic Arsenate reductase,
arsenic resistance protein,
arsenite/antimonite:H+ antiporter, arsenical pump		 ArsB, ArsA sequence01_673660_672371, sequence01_4740871_4739582, sequence31_15724_17007, sequence01_4734229_4735986, sequence01_4742670_4740919 Provides resistance to arsenic [55]
copper Copper resistance protein, copper resistance protein CopD, Cop O, CopC, CopB, CueR sequence01_1510825_1509896, sequence01_1931658_1930789, sequence01_1511210_1510830, sequence01_1932031_1931660, sequence01_1512146_1511250, sequence01_290196_290606 Provides resistance to copper [56]
chromate Chromate reductase, transport and resistance protein ChrA, ChrB sequence01_4722045_4720666, sequence01_4722976_4721999 Provides resistance to chromate [57]
Cobalt, zinc and cadmium Zinc transporter ZitB, RcnR-like protein, RcnA, RcnB sequence01_543130_542192, sequence01_1425411_1425686, sequence01_254854_254039, sequence01_4727409_4728539, sequence01_2243421_2243753 Cobalt–zinc–cadmium resistance [58,59]
Temperature stress RNA polymerase sigma factor rpoE sequence01_1576112_1575555, sequence01_2635482_2634907 Regulates the degQ and support growth at low and high temperature [60]
Stress sensor degQ sequence01_4075345_4073978 Enables bacteria to grow at high temperature [60]
Csp family CspB, CspC, CspD, CspE sequence01_1202383_1202165, sequence01_1668932_1668744, sequence01_1913740_1913531, sequence01_730174_729953, sequence01_441915_442124 Protects the bacteria during rapid downshift of temperature [61]
Hsp family HspQ, HslJ, GrpE sequence01_824127_823810, sequence01_1671988_1672425, sequence01_3834576_3835169 Involved in protein folding and refolding, expressed in high temperature [62]
Acid stress Acid stress protein IbaG sequence01_4123024_4123278 Changes mRNA expression pattern to provide acid resistance [63]
F0F1-ATPase transporter F0F1-ATPase sequence01_2972737_2973117, sequence01_2973126_2973941, sequence01_2974764_2975297, sequence01_2975310_2976851, sequence01_2976903_2977766, sequence01_2977798_2979180, sequence01_2979201_2979620 Induces acid tolerance response [64]
Arginine deiminase, ornithine carbamoyltransferase arcA, arcB sequence01_3548646_3547930, sequence01_4107667_4110000 Leads to production of alkaline molecules, such as ammonia to maintain pH. [64]
Alkaline stress Membrane-bound Na+/H+ antiporter nhaA, nhaB, nhaP2 sequence01_3565391_3566566, sequence01_1886487_1888025, sequence01_1879396_1881129 A membrane-bound Na+/H+ antiporter system adapts the bacteria to alkaline stress [65]
Osmotic stress Osmolarity sensory histidine kinase,
transcriptional response regulator, OmpR family		 EnvZ/OmpR two-component system sequence01_2738070_2736724, sequence01_2738786_2738067, sequence01_685891_686598, sequence01_1485204_1485944 Mediates osmotic stress response in a number of Gram-negative bacteria [66]