Table 4.
Application examples using eye tracking systems.
| Application | Target User | Platform | Device Info. | Gaze Detection | Processing Method | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Recognition | Autism | Infant | Screen-based | ISCAN, Inc. | -Dark pupil Tracking -Corneal reflection |
Customized (Eye position and fixation data identification with MATLAB) |
[153] |
| Impact of slippage | Any mobile user | Eyeglasses | -Tobii -SMI -Pupil-labs |
-PCCR -Dark pupil Tracking -Corneal reflection |
Commercial (Tobii Pro: Process with Two cameras and Six glints per eye, iViewETG: Three makers tracking from SMI) Customized (EyeRecToo: Open-source pupil Grip algorithm) |
[160] | |
| The Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Gaze Behavior in Stair Climbing | Any mobile user | Eyeglasses | Tobii Glasses 2.0 | -PCCR -Corneal reflection |
Customized (Frame by frame image classification with MATLAB) |
[192] | |
| Diagnosis and Measurement of Strabismus | Children | Screen-based | EyeTracker 4C | -PCCR -Corneal reflection |
Customized (EyeSwift: IR and Image Processing) |
[190] | |
| Measurement of nine gaze directions | Patient with strabismus | Screen-based | OMD | -Pupil and corneal reflection | Customized (Hess screen test) |
[182] | |
| ADHD | ADHD Patient | Screen-based | Eyelink 1000 | -Dark Pupil Tracking -Corneal Reflection |
Customized (MOXO-dCPT Stimuli, AOI and relative gaze analysis) |
[133] | |
| ADHD | ADHD Patient | Screen-based | TX300 | -PCCR | Customized (Logistic regression Classification model for pupil analysis) |
[191] | |
| Measurement of pupil size artefact (PSA) | Any mobile user | Screen-based | EyeLink 1000 Plus, Tobii Pro Spectrum (Glasses 2) |
-Dark Pupil Tracking, -Corneal Reflection |
Commercial (Tobii Pro: Process with Two cameras and Six glints per eye) |
[186] | |
| A comparison study of EXITs design in a wayfinding system | Any mobile user | Eyeglasses | Tobii Glasses | -PCCR | Customized (Custom IR Marker, AOI Analysis) |
[73] | |
| Contents Creation | Artistic Drawing | Graphic user include people with diabilities | Screen-based | Tobii Eye Tracker 4C | -PCCR | Commercial (Tobii Pro: Process with Two cameras and Six glints per eye) |
[193] |
| To Enhance Imagery Base maps | Map User | Screen-based | Tobii Pro Spectrum | -PCCR | Commercial (Tobii pro: Process with Two cameras and Six glints per eye) Customized (AOI statistic and heatmap) |
[158] | |
| Guided operation supportive guidance | Semi-Autonomous Vehicles | Driver | Screen-based | faceLAB | -Pupil Tracking | Customized (Markov model, Pattern analysis) |
[134] |
| To capture joint visual attention | Co-located collaborative learning groups | Eyeglasses | SMI ETG | -Pupil/CR -Dark pupil tracking |
Commercial (Fiducial tracking engine) |
[196] | |
| Human robot interaction for laparoscopic surgery | surgeon | Screen-based | Tobii 1750 | -PCCR | Customized (Hidden Markov model) |
[13] | |
| Surgical Skills Assessment and Training in Urology | surgeon | Eyeglasses + VR | Tobii Glasses 2.0 | -PCCR | Commercial (UroMentor simulator) |
[198] | |
| Architectural Education | Ordinary Users, Students and Lecturers | Eyeglasses Screen-based VR |
-Tobii -SMI |
- PCCR - pupil/CR, dark pupil tracking |
Commercial (BeGaze software) |
[151] | |
| Education | Student | VR | Self-made “VR eye tracker” | -Record the condition of the pupils via infrared LED light | Customized (Analysis of regions of interest) |
[188] | |