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. 2022 Nov 10;11(22):3554. doi: 10.3390/cells11223554

Figure 5.

Figure 5

The signaling pathways regulating T cells in metabolic diseases. PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway promotes the differentiation of CD4+T cells. mTOR signaling pathway takes part in the development of thymus and T cells and the exhaustion of CD8+T cells. PI3K/Akt/FOXO suppresses the development of Tregs and promotes the expression of cytotoxicity effector. AMPK signaling pathway negatively regulates Th17 differentiation, glucose uptake, mitochondria function, and CD8+T cell differentiation, whereas the pathway positively regulates Treg cells’ differentiation. These pathways could regulate the ratio of Treg to Th17 together. The decrease in the ratio leads to AT inflammation, insulin resistance, NAFLD, and gout. PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; AMPK: Adenosine 5‘-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The figure was constructed with BioRender (https://biorender.com, accessed on 7 September 2022).