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. 2022 Nov 16;12(11):1023. doi: 10.3390/bios12111023

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) Representation of the fabrication of a laminated paper-based analytical device (LPAD) for the simultaneous quantification of tryptophan, glycine, histidine, and lysine levels in the range of a few micromolar to 100 uM by reactions of sample-specific aminoacyl–tRNA synthetases. (b) Details of the LPAD. The paper properties and dimensions of channels between detection and reaction areas specify the incubation time for the reaction mixture. Reprinted with permission from [427] (open access).