Table 3.

Summary of the advantages and disadvantages in various biosensor-based bio elements [24].

	Enzymes [458,459]	Proteins [460,461]	Nucleic Acid [462,463]	Nanozymes [430,431]
Advantages	High sensitivity and selectivity	Rapid analysis for direct immunoassay	Highly sensitive and selective	Inexpensive to manufacture and easy for large scale production
	Suitable for oxidation and reduction reactions	Suitable for Bio affinity interactions	Ideal for selection of long ranged analytes	pH and temperature stability
		e.g, antibody antigen interaction	Stable, cheap, and easy synthesis	Long storage time
			Potential for modification with labels while retaining same efficacy
Disadvantages	Possibility of losing their activity upon immobilization	Indirect immunoassay is time consuming and labeling process is costly	Higher toxicity than antibodies	Lower specificity compared to enzymes
	Suitable for small analytes e.g., lactate, urea, glucose	Not ideal for detecting	Faster elimination due to their small size	Biocompatibility and biodegradability concerns
	Sensitive against pH and temperature change	Small targets in both sandwich and direct immunoassay	Weaker binding to analytes
		Not suitable for redox reactions