Ang	angiotensin
APAP	acetaminophen
ALF	acute liver failure
ALA	alpha-lipoic acid
ApoA5	apolipoprotein A5
ACC	acetyl-CoA carboxylase
AMP	adenosine monophosphate
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AKT	serine/threonine-protein kinase B
ACEI	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
CAT	catalase
CRTC2	cAMP-regulated transcriptional co-activator 2
CREB	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein
CREBH	cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein H
ChREBP	carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein
DCM	diabetic cardiomyopathy
EMPA	empagliflozin
ER	endoplasmic reticulum
FAS	fatty acid synthase
FBPase	fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
GSH	glutathione
GS	glycogen synthase
GLP-1	glucagon-like peptide-1
GSK3β	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
GFAT	glutamine fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase
HCV	hepatitis C virus
HSP	heat shock protein
HCF-1	host cell factor C1
HSCs	hepatic stellate cells
HCD	high-carbohydrate diet
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HBP	hexosamine biosynthetic pathway
IL	interleukin
IR	insulin resistance
IRS-1	insulin receptor substrate 1
IRE1α	inositol requiring enzyme 1α
IP6K1	inositol hexakisphosphate kinases 1
JNK	Jun N-terminal kinases
LXRs	liver X receptors
L-PK	liver pyruvate kinase
MET	metformin
MCD	methionine-choline deficient
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
MnSOD	manganese superoxide dismutase
MAFLD	metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
NASH	non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NAFLD	non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
NLRP3	NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3
OGA	GlcNAcase
OGT	O-GlcNAc transferase
O-GlcNAc	O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase
PTP1B	protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
PDGFRβ	platelet-derived growth factor receptorβ
PDK1	phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1
PGC1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator1α
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RAS	renin-angiotensin system
RIPK3	receptor-interacting protein kinase 3
SRF	serum response factor
SOD	superoxide dismutase
SCD1	stearoyl-CoA desaturase1
SGLT-2i	sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor
SREBP-1	sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
TG	thyroglobulin
TFF2	trefoil factor 2
T2DM	type 2 diabetes mellitus
TXNIP	thioredoxin interacting protein
XBP1	X-box-binding protein 1