Table 1.
Demographic and Preoperative Clinical Characteristics of Patients Undergoing Distal Pancreatectomy in NSQIP (2014–2019).
| Open (n = 2982) |
Hand-assisted (n = 741) |
Total Laparoscopic (n = 1913) |
p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.374 | |||
| <65 | 1520 (51.0 %) | 397 (53.6%) | 1021 (53.4%) | |
| 65–80 | 1302 (43.7%) | 312 (42.1%) | 794 (41.5%) | |
| >80 | 160 (5.4%) | 32 (4.3%) | 98 (5.1%) | |
| Female sex | 1675 (56.2%) | 413 (55.7%) | 1166 (61.0%) | 0.002 |
| Race | <0.001 | |||
| White | 2262 (75.9%) | 578 (78.0%) | 1326 (69.3%) | |
| Black | 272 (9.1%) | 69 (9.3%) | 158 (8.3%) | |
| Asian | 91 (3.1%) | 22 (3.0%) | 113 (5.9%) | |
| Other | 14 (0.5%) | 3 (0.4%) | 13 (0.7%) | |
| Hispanic | 130 (4.4%) | 41 (5.5%) | 95 (5.0%) | 0.317 |
| BMI (kg/m2, Median, IQR) | 27.63 (24.17–31.78) |
28.58 (24.79–33.3) | 28.21 (24.27–32.6) | <0.001 |
| ASA Class | <0.001 | |||
| 1 | 29 (1.0%) | 10 (1.4%) | 32 (1.7%) | |
| 2 | 829 (27.8%) | 234 (31.6%) | 662 (34.6%) | |
| 3 | 1984 (66.5%) | 466 (62.9%) | 1135 (59.3%) | |
| 4 | 136 (4.6%) | 30 (4.1%) | 82 (4.3%) | |
| Diabetes Mellitus | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2201 (73.8%) | 566 (76.4%) | 1515 (79.2%) | |
| Non–Insulin–Dependent | 337 (11.3%) | 63 (8.5%) | 123 (6.4%) | |
| Insulin–Dependent | 444 (14.9%) | 112 (15.1%) | 275 (14.4%) | |
| Smoking | 482 (16.2%) | 103 (13.9%) | 266 (13.9%) | 0.061 |
| Dyspnea | 167 (5.6%) | 41 (5.5%) | 118 (6.2%) | 0.674 |
| COPD | 121 (4.1%) | 28 (3.8%) | 91 (4.8%) | 0.391 |
| CHF | 15 (0.5%) | 7 (0.9%) | 2 (0.1%) | 0.008 |
| Hypertension requiring medications | 1484 (49.8%) | 400 (54.0%) | 926 (48.4%) | 0.036 |
| Steroids Use | 115 (3.9%) | 38 (5.1%) | 74 (3.9%) | 0.263 |
| Weight loss ( ≥10%) | 210 (7.0%) | 38 (5.1%) | 57 (3.0%) | <0.001 |
| Bleeding Disorder | 113 (3.8%) | 21 (2.8%) | 45 (2.4%) | 0.017 |
| Preoperative Albumin (g/dL, Median, IQR) | 4.1 (3.9–4.4) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 4.2 (3.9–4.4) | 0.003 |
|
Pathological
Diagnosis |
<0.001 | |||
| Adenocarcinoma | 1198 (40.2%) | 197 (26.6%) | 354 (18.5%) | |
| Neuroendocrine Tumor | 516 (17.3%) | 204 (27.5%) | 567 (29.6%) | |
| Pancreatitis | 211 (7.1%) | 25 (3.4%) | 63 (3.3%) | |
| Pancreatic Cyst | 670 (22.5%) | 224 (30.2%) | 703 (36.6%) | |
| Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy | 407 (13.7%) | 29 (3.9%) | 60 (3.1%) | <0.001 |
| T Stage | <0.001 | |||
| Not Applicable | 1121 (37.6%) | 322 (43.5%) | 967 (50.6%) | |
| T1 | 373 (12.5%) | 124 (16.7%) | 302 (15.8%) | |
| T2 | 550 (18.4%) | 129 (17.4%) | 331 (17.3%) | |
| T3 | 813 (27.3%) | 148 (20.0%) | 275 (14.4%) | |
| T4 | 36 (1.2%) | 1 (0.1%) | 5 (0.3%) | |
| N Stage | <0.001 | |||
| Not Applicable | 993 (33.3%) | 272 (36.7%) | 603 (31.5%) | |
| N0 | 693 (23.2%) | 110 (14.8%) | 220 (11.5%) | |
| N1 | 1121 (37.6%) | 323 (43.6%) | 970 (50.7%) | |
| Wound Classification | <0.001 | |||
| Clean | 433 (14.5%) | 88 (11.9%) | 362 (18.9%) | |
| Clean–Contaminated | 2346 (78.7%) | 631 (85.2%) | 1488 (77.8%) | |
| Contaminated | 187 (6.3%) | 21 (2.8%) | 59 (3.1%) | |
| Dirty/Infected | 16 (0.5%) | 1 (0.1%) | 4 (0.2%) | |
| Soft Pancreas | 859 (28.8%) | 147 (19.8%) | 443 (23.2%) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: NSQIP: American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement; IQR: Interquartile Range; BMI: Body Mass Index; COPD: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; CHF: Congestive Heart Failure. Kruskal–Wallis test was used for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.