Table 2.
In Vivo Artificial Mitochondrial Transplantation in Brain Injury and Disease.
| Disease Model | Source of Mitochondria | Method of Delivery for AMT | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stroke | MMSC with overexpressed Miro-1 | I.V. injection | -Increased neurological function | [49] |
| -MCAO model of focal ischemia | ||||
| Stroke | Primary mouse astrocytes | Local injection into peri-infarct cortex | -Upregulation of cell survival signals | [20] |
| -Focal cerebral ischaemia | ||||
| Stroke | Baby hamster kidney fibroblast (BHK-21) | ICV or systemic intra-arterial injection | -Increased motor performance | [78] |
| -MCAO model of focal ischemia | -Decreased brain infarct area | |||
| -Decreased neuronal death | ||||
| Stroke | Mouse placenta | I.V. injection | -Decreased brain infarct area | [79] |
| -Focal cerebral ischaemia | ||||
| Stroke | Primary mouse astrocytes | I.V. injection | -Increased neuronal viability | [80] |
| -Intracerebral haemorrhage | -Reduced neurologic deficits | |||
| -Restored Mn-SOD levels | ||||
| Stroke | Human umbilical-cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells | ICV | -Decreased apoptosis | [81] |
| -MCAO model of focal ischemia | -Decreased gliosis | |||
| -Improved motor function | ||||
| -Decreased brain infarct area | ||||
| Chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity | MSC | Intranasal | -Reduced apoptosis | [50] |
| -Cisplatin treatment | ||||
| Alzheimer’s disease | HeLa cells | I.V. injection | -Improved cognitive function | [85] |
| -Amyloid-β intracerebroventricularly injected |
-Decreased neuronal loss | |||
| -Decreased gliosis | ||||
| -Increased citrate-synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activities | ||||
| Parkinson’s disease | PC12 cells | Local injection into MFB | -Improved locomotive activity | [86] |
| -6-OHDA-lesioned rat model | or | -Increased neuronal survival | ||
| Human osteosarcoma cybrids | -Restored mitochondrial dynamics | |||
| Parkinson’s disease | Rat liver | Intranasal | -Improved locomotive activity | [87] |
| -6-OHDA-lesioned rat model | -Increased neuronal survival | |||
| -Decreased oxidative damage | ||||
| Parkinson’s disease | HepG2 cells | I.V. injection | -Improved locomotive activity | [88] |
| -MPTP-induced mouse model | -Increased ATP levels | |||
| -Decreased ROS levels | ||||
| Multiple sclerosis | Neural stem cells | ICV | -Ameliorated EAE severity | [56] |
| -MOG35-55-induced EAE | ||||
| Schizophrenia | Human lymphoblasts | Intra-prefrontal cortex injection | -Rescued attentional deficits | [96] |
| -Prenatal poly-I:C exposure | Or | -Increased MMP | ||
| Rat brain | ||||
| Traumatic brain injury | Mouse liver | Local injection into cerebral cortex | -Increased ATP levels | [84] |
| -Controlled cortical impact | Mouse muscle | -Upregulated astrocytic BDNF | ||
| Improved spatial memory and cognitive function | ||||
| Traumatic brain injury | Mouse brain | Local injection into cerebral cortex | -Decreased apoptosis | [83] |
| Controlled cortical impact | -Increased angiogenesis | |||
| -Decreased brain oedema | ||||
| -Decreased blood brain barrier leakage |
Abbreviations: MCAO, middle cerebral artery occlusion; 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine; MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; MMSC, multipotent mesenchymal stem cell; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; I.V., intravenous; MFB, medial forebrain bundle; ICV, intracerebroventricularly; MOG33-55, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein; EAE, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; AMT, artificial mitochondrial transplantation.