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. 2022 Nov 10;12(11):1525. doi: 10.3390/brainsci12111525

Table 1.

Participant demographics and characteristics at each time point. * signifies p < 0.05.

Summer Period Academic Term Difference Significance
Sample size 83 83
Age in years—Mean (SD) 21.82 (1.59) 22.05 (1.37)
Gender—Male—No. (%) 35 (42.2) 35 (42.2)
Marital status—Single—No. (%) 81 (97.6) 80 (96.4)
Smoker—Yes—No. (%) 10 (12.0) 12 (14.5)
Caffeinated Drinks Yes—No. (%) 49 (92.5) 49 (96.1%)
Confirmed illness—Yes—No. (%) 15 (18.1) 10 (12.0)
Year number—Mean (SD) 4.36 (1.30) 4.43 (1.29)
GPA—Mean (SD) 4.37 (0.53) 4.39 (0.46) 0.02 t (81) = −0.23, p = 0.816
PSQI—Total—Mean (SD) 6.99 (3.28) 7.98 (2.86) 0.99 t (82) = −2.64, p = 0.010 *

  •  Quality score—Mean (SD)

 1.25 (0.71) 1.34 (0.74) 0.08 t (82) = −0.93, p = 0.357

  •  Latency score—Mean (SD)

 1.58 (1.07) 1.58 (0.96) 0.00 t (82) = 0.00, p = 1.000

  •  Duration score—Mean (SD)

 1.00 (1.01) 1.51 (1.00) 0.51 t (82) = −3.93, p = 0.000 *

  •  Efficiency score—Mean (SD)

 0.74 (1.12) 0.57 (0.88) −0.16 t (74) = 0.78, p = 0.439

  •  Disturbances score—Mean (SD)

 1.17 (0.50) 1.11 (0.47) −0.06 t (74) = 1.15, p = 0.254

  •  Medication score—Mean (SD)

 0.27 (0.75) 0.47 (0.87) 0.20 t (82) = −2.06, p = 0.043 *

  •  Dysfunction score—Mean (SD)

 1.14 (0.91) 1.42 (0.89) 0.28 t (82) = −2.33, p = 0.023 *
Distress (K10)—Mean (SD) 22.27 (7.55) 25.63 (8.68) 3.36 t (82) = −4.01, p = 0.000 *
Anxiety (GAD-7)—Mean (SD) 6.94 (5.13) 7.86 (4.75) 0.92 t (82) = −1.63, p = 0.107
Depression (PHQ-9)—Mean (SD) 7.59 (6.23) 8.75 (5.77) 1.16 t (82) = −1.71, p = 0.091
Social Media (SMD)—Mean (SD) 2.60 (1.93) 2.24 (1.90) −0.36 t (82) = 1.68, p = 0.097