Table 1.
Risk factors of environmental exposure, lifestyle factors.
| Cancer-Risk Factors | Cancer Site | References |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Exposure | - | |
| Alcohol | Oral cavity, oropharynx, and hypopharynx; larynx; esophagus; liver; colon and rectum; and female breast | [121,122,123,124,125,126,127] |
| Smoking | Lung and bronchus, pancreas, stomach, liver, myeloid leukemia | [120,128,129,130] |
| Ionizing Radiation | Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant melanoma, uterine cervical cancer, testicular cancer, and rectal cancer | [120,131,132,133] |
| Solar Radiation | Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma; cutaneous and ocular melanoma and basal cell carcinoma | [120,134,135] |
| Obesity | Stomach; colorectal; breast; endometrial; kidney | [136,137,138,139] |
| Infectious Agents | - | |
| HPV | Uterine cervix, oropharyngeal, anogenital | [140,141,142] |
| HBV/HCV | Liver | [143,144] |
| EBV | Lymphoid tissues; Epithelial tissues; nasopharynx | [120,145,146,147] |
| Helicobacter pylori | Stomach; B-cell MALT lymphoma | [148,149,150] |
| Occupational Exposure | Urinary bladder, bone marrow (leukemia), lung, pleura/peritoneum (mesothelioma), nasal sinus, and liver (angiosarcoma) | [151,152,153,154] |