aPCR	Asymmetric polymerase chain reaction
AuNPs	Gold nanoparticles
BC	Bacterial cellulose
BFP	Blue fluorescent protein
BLG	$\beta$-lactoglobulin from bovine milk
BSA	Bovine serum albumin
CA	Conalbumin from chicken egg-white
CD	Chromatic dispersion
CLC	Cholesteric liquid crystal
CNC	Cellulose nanocrystals
CNC-Cu(II)	Copper(II)-doped cellulose nanocrystals
CNF	Cellulose nanofibrils
CTMA	Cetyltrimethylammonium
CYTC	Cytochrome c from bovine heart
DG	Diffraction grating
dNTP	Deoxynucleotide triphosphate
dsDNA	Double-stranded DNA
DX	Double-crossover
EBL	Electron beam lithography
EM	Electron microscopy
FESEM	Field-emission scanning electron microscopy
FIB	Focused ion beam
FML	Functional molecular liquid
FP	Fluorescent protein
FRET	Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
GD	Group delay
GFP	Green Fluorescent Protein
GNR	Gold Nanorods
GXRD	Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction
HOBC	4′-(hexyloxy)- 4-biphenylcarbonitrile
hADMSC	Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell
ivTRT	In vitro transcription and reverse transcription
IOHG	Inverse opal photonic crystal hydrogel
IOPC	Inverse opal photonic crystal
LSPR	Localized surface plasmon resonance
MCA	Multi-primed chain amplification
MIM	Metal-insulator-metal
MPA	3-Mercaptopropyl acid
msDNA	Multicopy single-stranded DNA
NC	Nanocrystal
PAGE	Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
PC	Photonic crystal
PCH	Photonic crystal hydrogel
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PER	Primer exchange reaction
PLGA	poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
POTE	poly (octanoic acid 2-thiophen-3-yl-ethyl ester)
pRNA	Packaging RNA
QD	Quantum dots
RCA	Rolling circle amplification
REE	Rare earth elements
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
SEM	Scanning electron microscopy
SF	Silk fibroin
SNA	Spherical nucleic acid
SPPS	Solid phase peptide synthesis
ssRNA	Single-stranded RNA
TCEP	Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
TdT	Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase
Vis-NIR	Visible-near-infrared
WJ	Water-jet
YFP	Yellow fluorescent protein