Table 2.

CPPs in clinical trials.

Peptide	Cargo	Results	Reference
p28	p28	This shows that p28 can be tolerated by the body and did not result in any cytotoxic reactions. Shown to prevent p53 ubiquitination, thereby inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.	[148,149,150]
pVEC	Cyclic homing peptides CREKA CREKAD AREKA Anti-cancer therapeutics Imaging/diagnostic tag	General CPPs (including pVEC and others in the above table) have low cancer-targeting abilities, but when combined with novel targeting sequences such as CREKA or AREKA, they can deliver therapeutics to the tumor.	[25,46,151]
ACCPs Activatable cell penetrating peptides	Fluorescence acceptors Fluorescence donors	When the ACCP comes in contact with matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 MMP-9) which are involved in metastasis and proliferation pathways, the fluorescing agent is activated, allowing for more accurate diagnostics.	[126,128]
RI-TAT	p53C’	Mice treated with the peptide complex showed a significant decrease in tumor numbers, and the proliferation of cancer cells is inhibited by the reactivation of p53	[152]
caPCNA	p21cip	caPCNA is a highly specific antigen that can interact with proteins along the DNA repair pathway inside cancer cells. Combined with the ability of p21 to induce apoptosis, the caPCNA-p21 complex is a promising treatment for breast cancer.	[153,154]
PepFect14 and 28	siRNAs	When combined with glioma-targeting peptides, PepFect showed highly efficient gene slicing of U87 GBM cells	[155]
SCPP-PS	Methotrexate disodium (MTX)	When mice with A549 lung tumors, MTX-SCCP-PS inhibits tumor growth and progression and improves survival time by an average of 37 days compared to free MTX	[139]
DTS-108	SN38	When compared to traditional chemotherapeutic agents such as irinotecan, DTS-108 introduced significantly higher levels of topoisomerase 1 inhibitor SN38	[156]

Listed are CPPs that have been involved in preclinical and/ or clinical trials and their respective results.