TABLE 2.

Different types of pesticides to the neurodegenerations risk for human (modified from Kori et al., 2018).

Organophosphate (chronic exposure)
Occupational exposure (farm workers)	Genetic tendency to a less efficient detoxification of paraoxonase, an enzyme detoxifying the organophosphate pesticides Neurological impairment (attention, remembrance, reaction time and deficits in neurobehavioral performance) Delayed polyneuropathy Worse performance in neuropsychological functions (attention, reasoning, memory, perception, visuomotor skills, expressive language and motor performance) Neurological symptom (dizziness, sleepiness and headache) Headache, giddiness, ocular symptoms and Paraesthesia. Reduced motor conduction velocity and serum AChE levels	Bonvicini et al., 2010 Rohlman et al., 2007 Lotti and Moretto, 2005 Salvi et al., 2003; Roldan-Tapia et al., 2005 London et al., 1998 Misra et al., 1988
Occupational and residential exposure	Some neurological and neuropsychiatric effects on adults (ADHD, anxiety, depression disorder) Reduce in the verbal memory, motor speed and motor coordination Significantly higher anxiety and depression in exposed population Lower neurobehavioral performance like learning test, symbol-digit, reaction time Slower response on neuropsychological performance like processing speed, attention Serum acetylcholinesterase was significantly lower, neurological abnormalities Headache, hypertension, anxiety and depression disorders High depressive symptoms, headache and dizziness Sensory and vibration thresholds were higher, neurological symptoms	London et al., 2012 Starks et al., 2012 MackenzieRoss et al., 2010 Rothlein et al., 2006 Stephens and Sreenivasan, 2004 Farahat et al., 2003 Salvi et al., 2003 Stallones and Beseler, 2002 Pilkington et al., 2001
Occupational as well as accidental exposure	Acute and chronic OP exposure is associated with affective disorders Suicide rates are high in farming populations	London et al., 2005
Organochlorine and pyrethroid (chronic exposure)
Occupational exposure (farm workers)	Deterioration in neurocognitive performance Parkinson’s disease Alteration in hematological parameters Abnormal cranial nerve function, and motor strength	Hansen et al., 2017 Elbaz et al., 2009 Lu, 2009
Occupational and residential exposure	Neurotoxic properties Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), neurodevelopmental disorders Acute poisoning and alterations of the digestive, neurological, respiratory, circulatory, dermatological, renal, and reproductive system Alzheimer’s disease Risk of Alzheimer’s disease Decrease in Mental developmental Index scores	Su et al., 2016 Cheslack-Postava et al., 2013 Roberts et al., 2007 Payan-Renteria et al., 2012 Singh et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2015 Richardson et al., 2011 Eskenaz et al., 2006
Chronic exposure of mixture of pesticides (organophosphate, carbamate, organochlorine, and pyrethroid)
Occupational exposure (farm workers)	Higher anger-hostility, depression-dejection, tension-anxiety and lower vigor-activity	Zhang et al., 2016
Occupational and residential exposure	Neurotoxic symptoms Depressive symptoms Somatization, obsessive–compulsiveness, interpersonal sensitivity, depression and anxiety Association between pesticide exposure and depression More inhibition of cholinesterase activity Respiratory, eye disorders. Inhibition of cholinesterase activity and central nervous system problems	Motsoeneng and Dalvie, 2015 Beard et al., 2013 Wesseling et al., 2010 Beseler and Stallones, 2006 Smit et al., 2003 Ohayo-Mitoko et al., 2000