Table 1.
Summary of the characteristics of the included studies with evidence on ISN and COVID-19 in pediatric patients (n = 34 studies), 2020–2022.
| Author, Year, Study Location | Study Design, Setting | Age (Months) a | Male, n (%) | Ethnicity | Comorbidities, n | Number of Patients (n = 1828) | Number of SARS-CoV-2 Patients with ISN (n = 64, 3.5%) | ISN Classification by Location AND Symptoms from ISN, n |
Laboratory Findings | Imaging | Admitted to ICU, n | Mechanical Ventilation, n | ARDS, n | Treatment, n; If Failure to Pneumatic, Hydrostatic or Surgical Reduction Occurred; If ISN Was Recurrent | Assessment of Study Risk of Bias (Tool Used, Finding); Treatment Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acharyya et al., 2022 [15], India | Retrospective case report, single center | 4 | 1 (100) | 1 Indian | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Abdominal distension 1 Blood in stool 1 Large hematoma in the serous layer of the intestine |
1 Raised procalcitonin 1 High D-dimer 1 High prothrombin time 1 High NT-proBNP |
1 Acute ISN 1 Multiple air fluid levels |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Surgical reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 survived |
| Agarwalla and Jalan 2022 [16], India | Retrospective case report, single center | 10 | 1 (100) | 1 Indian | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileo-ileal ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Crying 1 Vomiting 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Drowsiness 1 Low BP 1 Pallor 1 Tachycardia 1 Low oxygen saturation 1 Cold extremities 1 Peripheral pulses 1 Autonomic dysfunction 1 Irregular heartbeat 1 Ectopic beats |
1 Low Hb 1 High CRP 1 High ferritin 1 High D-dimer 1 High LDH |
1 Acute ISN | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 Surgical reduction of the ISN 1 Dopamine 1 IV fluids 1 Oxygen supplementation 1 Inotropes 1 Antibiotics 1 Steroids 1 Anticoagulant 1 NGT feeding 1 Removal of surgical drain 1 Dressing No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Athamnah et al., 2021 [17], Jordan | Retrospective case report, single center | 2.5 | 1 (100) | 1 Arab | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Fever 1 Vomiting 1 Dehydration 1 Blood in stool 1 Abdominal distension 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Bilious discharge from the NGT 1 Red currant jelly stools |
1 Not reported | 1 Distal small bowel obstruction and decreased gas in the colon 1 Acute ISN (target sign) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN 1 IV fluids 1 Antibiotics No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Bazuaye-Ekwuyasi et al., 2020 [4], United States | Retrospective case report, single center | 9 | 1 (100) | 1 Hispanic | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Vomiting 1 Abdominal pain 1 Anorexia 1 Blood in stool 1 Dehydration |
1 Ketonuria 1 Proteinuria 1 Decreased lymphocytes |
1 Acute ISN 1 Colon cutoff sign of ISN |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Cai et al., 2020 [5], China | Retrospective case-series, single center | 10 | 0 (0) | 1 Asian | 1 No medical history | 5 | 1 | 1 Location was not reported AND 1 Crying 1 Restlessness 1 Vomiting 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Apathy 1 Drowsiness 1 Convulsions 1 Septic shock 1 Multiple organ dysfunction 1 Abdominal distension 1 Blood in stool 1 Coffee dreg-like gastric contents |
1 Leukopenia 1 Decreased lymphocytes 1 Thrombocytopenia 1 High CRP 1 Raised procalcitonin 1 High D-dimer 1 High prothrombin time 1 High APTT 1 High ferritin 1 High interleukin-6 1 High interleukin-10 1 Hypoalbuminemia 1 Hyponatremia 1 Hypocalcemia 1 Reduced number of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes and CD16 + CD56 natural killer cells |
1 Acute ISN 1 Large amount of abdominal dropsy 1 Necrosis of the proximal ileus of the small intestine |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 Steroids 1 IVIG 1 Interferon 1 Antivirals 1 Antibiotics 1 Oxygen supplementation 1 CRRT 1 Plasma exchange 1 Surgical resection of necrotic intestine 1 Dopamine 1 Dobutamine No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Died |
| Castellazzi et al., 2021 [18], Italy | Retrospective case report, single center | 10 | 0 (0) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Irritability 1 Anorexia 1 Crying 1 Vomiting 1 Rectal blood 1 Spiking colicky pain |
1 High CRP | 1 Acute ISN 1 Increased thickness of the intestinal wall and accompanying mesentery 1 Enlarged lymph nodes |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN 1 Antibiotics 1 IV fluids 1 Surgical reduction of the ISN 1 Laparotomy 1 Ileocecopexy Yes failure (hydrostatic, n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Díaz-Ruiz et al., 2022 [19], Peru | Retrospective case report, single center | 72 | 1 (100) | 1 Hispanic | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Liquid stools with mucus and no blood 1 Anorexia 1 Chills 1 Vomiting 1 Nausea |
1 High CRP 1 High leukocytes |
1 Acute ISN | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Surgical reduction of the ISN 1 Laparotomy 1 Appendectomy 1 Analgesics No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Du et al., 2021 [20], China | Retrospective cohort, single center | 10 | 0 (0) | 1 Asian | 1 No medical history | 182 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Nausea 1 Vomiting 1 Multiple organ dysfunction 1 Intestinal necrosis 1 Septic shock 1 DIC |
1 High CRP 1 High LDH 1 High BUN |
1 Acute ISN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 Interferon 1 Antibiotics 1 Oxygen supplementation No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(NOS, 7) 1 Died |
| Fadgyas et al., 2022 [21], Hungary | Retrospective case report, single center | 90 | 1 (100) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 Left-sided renal agenesis 1 Developmental delay 1 Meningism |
1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Headache 1 Vomiting 1 Facial petechiae 1 Dehydration 1 Abdominal pain 1 Low BP |
1 High CRP 1 High WBCs 1 High neutrophils 1 High D-dimer 1 Raised liver enzymes 1 Raised bilirubin 1 High troponin |
1 Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes 1 Acute ISN 1 Very dilated, fluid- and gas-filled small bowel loops 1 Meckel’s diverticulum 1 Bowel obstruction |
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 Antibiotics 1 Analgesics 1 IV fluids 1 Oxygen supplementation 1 Laparotomy 1 Surgical resection 1 Anastomosis No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| García et al., 2021 [22], Guatemala | Retrospective case report, single center | 6 | 1 (100) | 1 Hispanic | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Irritability 1 Vomiting 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Pallor 1 Abdominal pain |
1 Low Hb 1 High D-dimer 1 High CRP 1 High ferritin |
1 Acute ISN 1 Dilation of intestinal loops 1 Poor gas distribution |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Antibiotics 1 Analgesics 1 Surgical resection 1 Oxygen supplementation 1 Total parenteral nutrition No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Guerrón and Figueroa 2021 [23], Colombia | Retrospective case report, single center | 5 | 1 (100) | 1 Hispanic | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Vomiting 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Absence of bowel sounds 1 Anorexia |
1 Not reported | 1 Acute ISN 1 Significant colonic parietal thickening |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Hyun et al., 2022 [24], United States | Retrospective case report, single center | 20 | 0 (0) | 1 Hispanic | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Weakness 1 Lethargy 1 Abdominal pain 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Increased fussiness 1 Crying 1 Facial cyanosis 1 Cold extremities 1 Perception of a firm and painful mass 1 Low oxygen saturation |
1 High WBCs 1 High neutrophils 1 High monocytes 1 Hypokalemia 1 High LDH |
1 Acute ISN 1 Concentric rings of the bowel 1 Enlarged lymph nodes |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Analgesics 1 Oxygen supplementation 1 IV fluids 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Khan et al., 2021 [25], United States | Retrospective case report, single center | 2 | 1 (100) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Vomiting 1 Diarrhea 1 Blood in stool 1 Abdominal distension 1 Red currant jelly stools |
1 Not reported | 1 Acute ISN 1 Enlarged lymph nodes |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Leiva et al., 2022 [26], United States | Retrospective case reports, single center | 7 and 9 | 1 (50) | 2 Whites (Caucasians) | 1 No medical history | 2 | 2 | 2 Ileocolic ISN AND 2 Abdominal pain 2 Irritability 1 Vomiting 2 Blood in stool |
1 Not reported | 2 Acute ISN 1 Hypertrophied lymph nodes |
0 | 0 | 0 | 2 Hydrostatic reductions of the ISN 2 Surgical reductions of the ISN 2 Laparotomy Yes failure (hydrostatic, n = 2) No recurrence (n = 2) |
(Modified NOS, high) 2 Survived |
| Makrinioti et al., 2020 [6], United Kingdom | Retrospective case reports, multicenter | 10 and 10 | 0 (0) | 1 White (Caucasian) and 1 Asian |
2 No medical history | 2 | 2 | 2 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Crying 2 Vomiting 2 Red currant jelly stools 1 Abdominal distension 1 Absence of bowel sounds 1 Peritonitis 1 Ascites 1 Swelling of the small intestinal wall 1 Lethargy 1 DIC |
2 High CRP | 1 Acute ISN | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 Pneumatic reductions of the ISN 1 Laparotomy 1 Defunctioning ileostomy 1 Antibiotics 1 Inotropes 1 Surgical reduction of the ISN 1 Ladd’s procedure No failure (n = 1) Yes failure (pneumatic, n = 1) No recurrence (n = 2) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived 1 Died |
| Martínez-Castaño et al., 2020 [27], Spain | Retrospective case report, single center | 6 | 1 (100) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Vomiting 1 Abdominal cramps 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Anemia |
1 Low Hb 1 High CRP 1 High WBCs |
1 Acute ISN (target sign) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Mercado-Martínez et al., 2021 [28], Mexico | Retrospective case reports, multicenter | 8 and 7 | 1 (50) | 2 Hispanics | 2 No medical history | 2 | 2 | 2 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Crying 2 Vomiting 2 Red currant jelly stools 2 Irritability 1 Pallor 1 Tachycardia 1 Abdominal distension 1 Decreased peristalsis 1 Painful on deep palpation in mesogastrium 1 Perception of a firm and painful mass 2 Rectal mucus and blood |
1 High CRP 1 High D-dimer 1 Anemia 1 Low Hb |
2 Acute ISN | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 Surgical reductions of the ISN 1 Rockey–Davis incision for manual reduction 1 Anticoagulant No failure (n = 2) No recurrence (n = 2) |
(Modified NOS, high) 2 Survived |
| Moazzam et al., 2020 [29], Pakistan | Retrospective case report, single center | 4 | 1 (100) | 1 Pakistani | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Crying 1 Drawing up of the legs towards the abdomen 1 Anorexia 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Pallor 1 Irritability 1 Sausage-shaped lump 1 Anemia |
1 High D-dimer 1 Low Hb |
1 Acute ISN | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN 1 Antibiotics 1 Analgesics No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Noviello et al., 2021 [30], Italy | Retrospective case report, single center | 7 | 1 (100) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Anorexia 1 Diarrhea 1 Vomiting 1 Sleepiness 1 Pallor 1 Lethargy 1 Dehydration 1 Red currant jelly stools |
1 High D-dimer | 1 Acute ISN 1 Alternating rings of low and high echogenicity 1 “Pseudokidney” sign |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN 1 Laparotomy 1 Surgical resection 1 Anastomosis Yes failure (hydrostatic, n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Osorno et al., 2021 [31], Colombia | Retrospective case report, single center | 8 | 1 (100) | 1 Hispanic | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Perception of a firm and painful mass 1 Metabolic acidosis 1 Peritonitis |
1 Not reported | 1 Acute ISN 1 Ischemia of distal ileum and right colon |
1 | 0 | 0 | 1 Laparotomy 1 Surgical resection 1 Ileostomy 1 Fistula No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Ponmani and Hulse 2022 [32], United Kingdom | Retrospective case report, single center | 18 | 0 (0) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Constipation 1 Abdominal pain |
1 High CRP | 1 Acute ISN 1 Doughnut-shaped mass |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 survived |
| Rajalakshmi et al., 2020 [7], India | Retrospective case report, single center | 8 | 1 (100) | 1 Indian | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Vomiting 1 Lethargy 1 Dehydration 1 Perception of a firm and painful mass |
1 Low Hb 1 Low hematocrit |
1 Acute ISN | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 IV fluids 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Rohani et al., 2021 [33], Iran | Retrospective case report, single center | 72 | 1 (100) | 1 Persian | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Location was not reported AND 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Abdominal pain 1 Vomiting 1 Diarrhea 1 Abdominal distension |
1 Leukopenia 1 Decreased lymphocytes 1 High calprotectin 1 Hypoalbuminemia 1 Hypocalcemia 1 Hypophosphatemia 1 Hypomagnesaemia 1 Raised liver enzymes |
1 Multifocal small bowel loops intussusceptum 1 Pneumatosis intestinalis in ascending colon 1 Dilatation in colon caliber 1 Necrotizing enterocolitis |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Oral rehydration solution 1 Ondansetron 1 Total parenteral nutrition 1 Antibiotics No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Salman et al., 2022 [34], United States | Retrospective cohort, single center | Median (IQR), 36 (3-216) | 19 (79.2) | 4 Whites (Caucasians) 6 Hispanics 1 Asian |
11 Not reported | 685 | 24 | 8 Small bowel ISN and 3 ileocolic ISN AND 7 Vomiting 5 Abdominal pain 2 Blood in stool 4 Red currant jelly stools |
11 Not reported | 11 Abnormal imaging 3 Acute ISN |
11 Not reported | 11 Not reported | 11 Not reported | 3 Pneumatic reductions of the ISN 4 Surgical reductions of the ISN No failure (n = 8) Yes failure (pneumatic, n = 3) No recurrence (n = 11) |
(NOS, 7) 11 Survived |
| Saxena et al., 2021 [35], United Kingdom | Retrospective case report, single center | 10 | 0 (0) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Location was not reported AND 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Vomiting |
1 Not reported | 1 Acute ISN 1 Waugh syndrome (ISN with malrotation) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN 1 Surgical reduction of the ISN 1 Ladd’s procedure Yes failure (pneumatic, n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Scottoni et al., 2022 [36], Italy | Retrospective case reports, multicenter | 1 and 5.5 | 1 (50) | 2 Whites (Caucasians) | 1 No medical history 1 Hyperinsulinism |
2 | 2 | 2 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Constipation 2 Vomiting 2 Lethargy 1 Dehydration 2 Blood in stool 1 Anorexia |
2 Not reported | 2 Acute ISN 1 Enlarged lymph nodes 1 Necrosis of the terminal ileum to the splenic flexure |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN 1 Laparotomy 1 Removal of lymph node 1 Hemicolectomy 1 Anastomosis 1 Noradrenaline No failure (n = 1) Yes failure (pneumatic, n = 1) No recurrence (n = 2) |
(Modified NOS, high) 2 Survived |
| Sorkhi et al., 2022 [37], Iran | Retrospective case report, single center | 132 | 1 (100) | 1 Persian | 1 Nephrotic syndrome 1 Long use of steroid (15 years) |
1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Vomiting 1 Nausea 1 Weakness 1 Anorexia 1 Myalgia 1 Pallor 1 Dehydration |
1 High leukocytes 1 Hypernatremia 1 Hypokalemia |
1 Acute ISN 1 Meckel’s diverticulum |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Steroids 1 Enalapril 1 Pantoprazole 1 Antibiotics 1 IV fluids 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN 1 Diverticulectomy No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, moderate) 1 Survived |
| Stephenson et al., 2021 [38], United States | Retrospective case report, single center | 6 | 1 (100) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Vomiting 1 Irritability 1 Red currant jelly stools |
1 Not reported | 1 Acute ISN | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Pneumatic reduction of the ISN Yes failure (pneumatic, n = 1) Yes recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Sullivan et al., 2021 [39], United States | Retrospective case report, single center | 7 | 1 (100) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileal-ileal ISN and 1 ileocolic ISN AND 1 Abdominal pain 1 Crying 1 Fist clenching 1 Grimacing |
1 Not reported | 1 Acute ISN 1 Ileocolic ISN (Target sign) |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN Yes failure (hydrostatic, n = 1) Yes recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Swyden et al., 2022 [40], United States | Retrospective case report, single center | 4 | 1 (100) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileocolic ISN AND 1 Blood in stool 1 Anorexia 1 Red currant jelly stools 1 Tachycardia 1 Lethargy 1 Metabolic acidosis |
1 Thrombocytosis 1 High leukocytes 1 Hypochloremia 1 Raised procalcitonin |
1 Acute ISN 1 Doughnut-shaped mass 1 Pneumoperitoneum |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 IV fluids 1 Hydrostatic reduction of the ISN 1 Laparotomy Yes failure (hydrostatic, n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, high) 1 Survived |
| Tran et al., 2022 [41], United States | Retrospective case report, single center | 8 | 0 (0) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Location was not reported AND 1 Blood in stool 1 Rash 1 Diarrhea 1 Metabolic acidosis |
1 High leukocytes 1 High CRP |
1 Acute ISN (target sign) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 No treatment for ISN (follow-up and bowel rest) No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(Modified NOS, moderate) 1 Survived |
| Vecchio et al., 2021 [42], Italy | Retrospective cohort, multicenter | 4 Not reported | 4 Not reported | 4 Whites (Caucasians) | 4 Not reported | 685 | 4 | 1 Ileal ISN and 3 ileocolic ISN AND 4 Abdominal pain 4 Vomiting 4 Red currant jelly stools |
4 Not reported | 4 Not reported | 4 Not reported | 4 Not reported | 4 Not reported | 2 Surgical reductions of the ISN 1 Removal of solid mass Failure was not reported (n = 4) Recurrence was not reported (n = 4) |
(NOS, 8) 4 Not reported |
| Wang et al., 2021 [43], China | Retrospective cohort, single center | 10 | 0 (0) | 1 Asian | 1 No medical history | 238 | 1 | 1 Location was not reported AND 1 Blood in stool 1 Vomiting 1 Diarrhea 1 Oliguria 1 Acute kidney injury (stage 3) |
1 Raised procalcitonin 1 High CRP 1 High interleukin-6 1 High D-dimer 1 High LDH 1 High BUN 1 High serum creatinine 1 Low estimated glomerular filtration rate 1 Proteinuria 1 Hematuria |
1 Acute ISN 1 Intestinal necrosis |
1 | 1 | 1 | 1 Surgical reduction of the ISN 1 Antibiotics 1 Antivirals 1 Steroids 1 IVIG 1 CRRT 1 Plasma exchange Yes failure (surgical, n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(NOS, 7) 1 Died |
| Yalçınkaya et al., 2021 [44], Turkey | Retrospective cohort, single center | 72 | 0 (0) | 1 White (Caucasian) | 1 No medical history | 1 | 1 | 1 Ileo-ileal ISN AND 1 Diarrhea 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Abdominal pain 1 Conjunctivitis 1 Tachycardia 1 Abdominal tenderness 1 Blood in stool 1 Mitral regurgitation 1 Left ventricular systolic dysfunction |
1 High CRP 1 Raised ESR 1 Raised procalcitonin 1 High interleukin-6 1 High ferritin 1 High fibrinogen 1 Decreased lymphocytes |
1 Acute ISN 1 Fluid retention in the ileal and colonic walls |
0 | 0 | 0 | 1 IVIG 1 Steroids 1 No treatment for ISN (follow-up and bowel rest) No failure (n = 1) No recurrence (n = 1) |
(NOS, 7) 1 Survived |
APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ARDs, acute respiratory distress syndrome; BP, blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; CRP, C-reactive protein; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; Hb, hemoglobin; ICU, intensive care unit; ISN, intussusception; IQR, interquartile range; IV, intravenous; IVIG, IV immunoglobulin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; NGT, nasogastric tube; NOS, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; WBCs, white blood cells; WHO, World Health Organization. a Data are presented as the median (25th–75th percentiles).